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Download English Morphology – Lecture 1
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Analysing Syntax 1 Lesson 8B Sentences Sentences, like the morphology of individual words, can be analysed using trees to illustrate their phrase structure In order to be able to analyse a sentence you need to understand the main grammatical categories Grammatical categories Nouns (N) dog, cat, apple, park etc. Determiners (Det.) a, the, this, that etc. Verbs (V) walk, come, go Adjectives (A) big, black, hairy etc. Adverbs (Adv) quickly, slowly etc. Pronouns (PRO) he, she etc. Categories and trees Words have to be attached to their grammatical category N Det V A N Adv P Det dog the walks hairy park quickly in the Putting words in order words combine to form phrases phrases combine to form sentences What kind of phrases are there? Types of phrase Noun phrase Verb phrase Prepositional phrase Adverb phrase Adjective Phrase Phrases Each sentence contains a subject and a predicate the hairy dog walks quickly in the park Syntactically these correspond to: a noun phrase and a verb phrase the hairy dog walks quickly in the park The top of the tree So the tree for any sentence (S) should start like this: S NP VP This means that every sentence is made up of a noun phrase and a verb phrase The bottom of the tree What we need to do is to connect: the structure at the top of the tree S NP TO VP the words of the sentence at the bottom of the tree Det A N V Adv the hairy dog walks quickly P Det N in the park Connecting top and bottom You need to start at the bottom of the tree and build more phrases on to the categories. These phrases could be: Noun phrases Adverb phrases Prepositional phrases Adjective phrases What about? The dog ? The park? Noun phrase (NP) A name is a noun and it attaches to a noun phrase NP N Romeo A simple noun phrase (NP) Determiner (Det.) + Noun (N) = Noun Phrase (NP) NP Det the NP N Det. N dog the park Prepositional Phrase (PP) Preposition + NP = Prepositional Phrase (PP) P PP in + = NP P Det NP N Det the park in the N park Adverb Phrase (Adv.P) When there is just one adverb, it attaches to an Adverb Phrase (Adv.P) Adv.P Adv quickly Adjective Phrase (AP) A single adjective attaches to an Adjective Phrase (AP) AP A hairy More on adjectives Adjectives are often found in sentences as modifiers of nouns: the hairy dog modifier of noun In this case they form part of a more complex noun phrase … More complex noun phrases … and they are analysed like this: NP AP Det N A the hairy dog Inserting the phrases The subject NP is easy to insert……………….……………… but the VP is S more difficult NP VP AP Det A N V Adv the hairy dog walks quickly P Det N in the park First you attach the Verb S NP VP AP Det A N V Adv the hairy dog walks quickly P Det N in the park Then you attach the AdvP S NP VP AP Det A AdvP N V Adv the hairy dog walks quickly P Det N in the park Then you attach the PP S NP VP PP AP Det A NP AdvP N V Adv the hairy dog walks quickly P Det N in the park What a complete tree looks like a sentence S divides into a noun phrase ……………….. and a verb phrase NP VP these attach to PP phrases or AP and categories NP AdvP categories attach to words Det A N V Adv the hairy dog walks quickly P Det N in the park How to analyse the syntactic structure of a simple sentence It’s a bit like decorating a Christmas tree: Write S NP + VP at the top Write the words of the sentence at the bottom Write the categories above the words Where necessary put the categories into phrase structures (NP, Adv,P, AP, PP) Attach the phrase structures to the main NP and VP Ambiguous sentences These sentences look the same but they have a different meaning The man hit the intruder with a stick The man hit the intruder with a wooden leg They should have a different syntactic structure. Where is the difference going to be Disambiguating With a wooden leg and with a stick are both prepositional expressions BUT …… with a wooden leg is about the intruder so it is attached to the noun with a stick is about how he hit the intruder so it is attached to the verb Different structure hit the intruder with a wooden leg hit the intruder with a stick VP VP attached to NP NP NP attached to VP PP PP NP NP NP AP V D N P D A N hit the intruder with a wooden leg V D N P hit the intruder with D a N stick Juliet loves Romeo S NP VP NP N Romeo V loves N Juliet He loves carrots S NP VP NP PRO He V loves N carrots The lamb followed Mary S NP VP NP Det The N V lamb followed N Mary The cat killed the mouse S NP VP NP Det The N V cat killed Det the N mouse Jack killed the giant S NP VP NP N V Jack killed Det the N giant She solved the mystery S NP VP NP PRO V Det She solved the N mystery Beavers build dams S NP VP NP N Beavers V build N dams Beavers build dams S NP VP NP N Beavers V build N dams