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BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM Put in picture of the final topic web. Highlight ​
green​
if you know it, ​
yellow​
if you need to review it, and ​
red​
if you do not remember it at all ­ this will help you focus your studying! Biology 323/324 Final Exam Study Guide This packet contains a variety of multiple choice and short answer questions that will be very similar to the ones on your final exam. The topic headings are above each set of questions, which also list the information you should know for each unit/chapter. Please review all ​
notes​
, ​
worksheets​
, ​
tests/quizzes, ​
and ​
activities associated with the second semester content. GENETICS You should know: ● how to set up a ​
Punnett square​
given information in a genetics problem (including proper notation) ● how to calculate the ​
genotype​
and ​
phenotype​
ratios (aka analyze a Punnett square) ● the terms: ​
homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, gamete, allele, trait, gene, segregate o Review Genetic notes, all of the SpongeBob worksheets, and practice genetics problems that we have completed in class. 1. In cats, the allele for short hair (​
H​
) is dominant to the allele for long hair (​
h​
). If a heterozygous short­hair cat is crossed with a long­hair cat, what percentage of the offspring is expected to be heterozygous for hair length? a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75% 2. A partial Punnett square is shown below. Which of the following statements describes the parental genotypes that would result in this Punnett square? a. both parents are heterozygous. b. both parents are homozygous dominant. c. one parent is homozygous recessive and the other parent is heterozygous. d. one parent is homozygous dominant and the other parent is heterozygous. 3. An inherited metabolic disorder called phenylketonuria (PKU) can result in serious problems in infancy. The chance that two parents who are heterozygous will have a child with PKU is 25%. Which of the following terms ​
best​
applies to the inheritance pattern for PKU? a. codominant b. dominant ​
c. recessive ​
d. incomplete dominance
4. In rabbits, a single gene controlling coat color has four alleles. The inheritance pattern for coat color in rabbits is therefore ​
best​
described as which of the following? a. multiple allele ​
b. polygenic
c. recessive
d. sex­linked
5. In watermelons, solid green color (​
G​
) is dominant to stripes (​
g​
). A student crosses two watermelon plants that are heterozygous for melon color (​
Gg​
). (a) In the space below, make a Punnett square to show this cross. What are the expected ​
genotype​
and phenotype​
percentages of the offspring? Genotype: 25% GG, 50% Gg, 25% gg Phenotype: 75% solid green, 25% striped ­ 3:1 ratio (b) The student’s cross produces one hundred watermelon plants. Of those 100 plants, 78 plants produce solid green watermelons, and 22 produce striped watermelons. Explain these results based on the Punnett square and predictions you made in part (a). 78:22 is very close to the 3:1 ratio predicted in the punnett square. DNA/RNA/PROTEINS You should know: ● the basic ​
structure of​
​
DNA​
(double helix, sugar/phosphate backbone, linked by complementary nucleotide pairs) ● compare and contrast ​
DNA​
and ​
RNA ● the basic processes of ​
DNA replication, transcription, ​
and​
translation​
(what is the start product? end product? where does each take place? what components are needed?) ● how to take a DNA sequence and make an amino acid sequence from it (which folds up into a protein) o Review all notes and corresponding worksheets. 6. Which of the following processes produces the nucleotide sequence UUA from the sequence AAT? a. mitosis
b. replication
c. respiration
d. transcription 7. Which of the following describes DNA ​
replication​
in eukaryotic cells? a. a copy of the DNA is made in the nucleus b. a molecule of RNA is produced from the cell c. each strand of DNA is combined with a strand of RNA d. each strand of DNA is separated into a new chromosome
8. Which of the following best describes a DNA molecule? a. it is a double helix
c. it is composed of amino acids b. it contains the sugar ribose
d. it contains the nitrogenous base uracil
9. Duplicate the original DNA strand (this small section is one gene). Then use the duplicated​
strand to transcribe and translate the gene. You will need to use a genetic code (the big chart with the G, C, A, and U). Original DNA (gene): ​
G G A G A T T G G A C C Duplicated DNA: G G A G A T T G G A C C mRNA: C C U​
​
C U A​
​
A C C​
​
U G G Amino acid sequence: ​
Pro ­ Ser ­ Thr ­ Trp **Remember, proteins usually start with AUG = Met and end when you reach a STOP codon on the chart…..this one was just for practice** ​
​
​
10. Where does translation take place inside cells? a. mitochondria b. nucleus
​
c. ribosomes ​
d. vacuole EVOLUTION You should know: ● the terms: ​
evolution, natural selection, artificial selection, descent with modification, homologous structures, ● the different ways that evolution is demonstrated by evidence (fossil record, comparative anatomy, genetics, molecular biology, examples of natural selection) o Review evolution notes, the bean lab activity, animal adaptations 11. Spines and thorns on plants look similar, and both provide protection from herbivores. However, not all plants with spines or thorns have descended from a recent common ancestor. Spines are modified leaves, and thorns are modified stems. Which of the following statements ​
best​
describes how this information provides evidence for evolution? a. it shows that different organisms sometimes look alike b. it shows that herbivores are the strongest selection force on organisms c. it shows that a variety of structures can be effective in protecting an organisms from herbivores d. it shows that environmental pressures can cause unrelated organisms to change in similar ways
12. The bones that make up the forelimbs of monkeys, cats, whales, and birds are similar. Which of the following statements ​
best​
supports the evolutionary relationship of these animals? a. the animals have different ancestries but have adapted to similar environments b. the animals share a common ancestry but have adapted to different environments c. the animals at one time lived in different environments but how share an environment d. the animals use their forelimbs for identical activities but live in different environments 13. Odontomachus bauri​
is a species of ant that has a trap jaw that shuts rapidly. This jaw system evolved from basic mouthparts that all ants have, but the jaw is longer, the joint is a different shape, and the muscles are larger.
Which of the following statements ​
best​
explains why this trap­jaw trait evolved? a. the trap jaw increases the ants’ body mass b. the trap jaw allows the ants to eat only one kind of food c. the trap jaw is the ants’ only means of species recognition d. the trap jaw increases the ants’ changes of survival and reproduction
14. A mutation in an allele in an individual newt gave that newt faster reflexes. It is found that, after many generations, most of the newt population has the new allele. Which of the following ​
most likely​
caused this change? a. the newt gave its mutated allele to other adult newts b. other newts learned to copy the strategies of the mutated newt c. the same mutation occurred in other newts as a result of environmental conditions d. newts with the mutation are better able to survive and reproduce than newts without the mutation
15. Male peafowl, called peacocks, have long, colorful tail feathers. Among peacocks, there is variation in the size, brightness, and pattern of the tail. Scientists observed the mating success of two groups of peacocks. The graph below shows the scientists’ data. a. Explain what the data show about the advantage of longer, more colorful tails for peacocks. Longer tailed organisms get more matings b. Identify ​
one​
disadvantage that longer, more colorful tails have for peacocks. It’s harder to move around, may not be able to run away from predators as quickly, it’s not camouflaged at all. c. Explain in detail how the longer, more colorful tails evolved in peacocks despite causing disadvantages for the males. Sexual Selection = females picked the ones with long tails to mate with, so those are the only one that reproduce, thus those are the only ones to pass on their genes to the next generation. 16. The bone structures of a porpoise flipper and a bat wing are shown below. Which of the following conclusions is ​
best​
supported by the structure of each limb? a. the porpoise and bat share a common ancestor b. the porpoise and bat limbs are adapted primarily for grasping c. the porpoise and bat evolved relatively recently in geologic history d. the porpoise and bat limbs are designed to support the entire weight of the animal
VIRUSES AND BACTERIA You should know: ● the various parts of a virus and if it is a living thing (and ​
why​
) o genetic material (RNA) and reproduction methods (they ​
need​
a host to reproduce) ● the various parts of a bacterium and if it is a living thing (and ​
why​
) o prokaryotic, reproduction methods (reproduce on their own) ● Review notes and worksheets (waaaaaaay back towards the beginning of the year!) 17. Which of the following statements explains why viruses are able to reproduce only inside host cells instead of being able to reproduce on their own? a. viruses cannot function at temperature other than 98.6°F b. viruses lack spindle fibers that correctly align chromosomes for division c. viruses are too small to effectively make copies of themselves on their own d. viruses lack the cellular machinery needed to make copies of genetic material
18. Complete the Venn diagram comparing and contrasting viruses and bacteria. ​
Bacteria DNA
asexual
ribosomes
cell wall
prokaryotic
unicellular
antibiotics
BOTH ​
Viruses genetic material
RNA (most of the time) reproduce
needs a host enzymes
no organelles protein coat non­living?? (some say) not made of cells vaccines
ECOLOGY You should know: ● what the different levels of organization are that ecologists study ● the difference between ​
autotrophs (producers) ​
and​
heterotrophs (consumers) ● the difference between ​
biotic​
and ​
abiotic factors​
and provide examples ● how to use a ​
food chain and food web​
to identify and distinguish ​
producers, consumers, ​
and​
decomposers​
, and explain the transfer of energy through ​
trophic levels ● how relationships among organisms add to the complexity of biological communities (​
predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism​
) ● how populations grow (​
exponential vs. logistic growth​
) and what the limitations to growth are (​
density­dependent ​
and​
density­independent limiting factors​
) ● Review ecology notes, food chain activity, all worksheets, deer: predation or starvation activity ● Review the similarities and differences between the Kingdoms (plant, animal, fungi, bacteria…) 19.A partial food web is shown below. Which of the following changes is ​
most likely​
​
to occur if the sparrow population decreases? a. the fox population decreases b. the hawk population increases c. the grasshopper population competes less with the praying mantis population d. the hawk population and the fox population prey more heavily on grasshoppers 20. A simple food web is shown below. Which of the following is most likely to lead to the ​
greatest​
decrease in the deer mouse population? a. an increase in the owl population
c. an increase in the pine tree population b. an increase in the grass population
d. an increase in the cottontail population 21. Some species of penguins, such as chinstrap penguins, depend on open water for their survival. Other species of penguins, such as Adélie penguins, depend on ice. Over the last 20 years, the population size of Adélie penguins has decreased. Which of the following ​
most likely​
caused these changes in population size? a. an increase in landmass and shorelines b. an increase in global air and water temperatures c. a decrease in the number of leopard seal predators d. a decrease in the length of time before chicks take to sea
22. The ecological relationship between a hawk and a rabbit is the same type of relationship as that between: a. a tick and a deer
c. a mouse and a chipmunk b. a frog and an insect
d. a bee and a flowering plant 23. In which of the following ways do producers in an ecosystem obtain energy? a. by consuming other producers b. by living parasitically on animals c. by using sunlight to make sugars d. by breaking down dead organisms 24. A biology student doing research collects the following information about feeding relationships in an Antarctic ecosystem. Antarctic Ecosystem: ● Diatoms photosynthesize ● Krill eat diatoms ● Squid eat krill ● Leopard seals eat emperor penguins ● Killer whales eat Weddell seals ● Blue whales eat krill ● Weddell seals eat squid ● Leopard seals eat Weddell seals ● Killer whales eat leopard seals a. Use the information above to construct a food web of this ecosystem in the space provided below. b. In your food web, identify one organism at ​
each​
of the tropic levels: producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and a higher­order consumer. Producer: diatoms Primary consumer: krill Secondary consumer: squid Tertiary consumer: Weddell seals 25. What is an example of an organism belonging to: Plant: ​
pine tree Animal: ​
dog Fungus: ​
mushroom Bacteria: ​
E. coli 26. What are similarities between animal and fungus? They are both multicellular, heterotrophic, and eukaryotic. 27. What are differences between animal and fungus? Animals ingest food, fungus absorb it. Fungus has cell walls and animals do not. BODY SYSTEMS You should know: ● how organisms maintain homeostasis and allow the body to perform its normal functions ● the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems ● the structures and functions of the following body systems: skeletal, muscular, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and excretory ● Review all system notes, worksheets, and activities/dissection related to the body systems 28. Which of the following is a body system response that adjusts body temperature when it is higher than normal? a. breathing rate begins to decrease b. blood vessels near the skin constrict c. sweat glands produce and secrete sweat d. hormones increase the metabolic rate of the liver 29. The circulatory system is directly responsible for which of the following? a. breaking down food b. transmitting nerve impulses c. transporting nutrients and oxygen to cells d. controlling movement of muscles 30. Emphysema is a severe respiratory system disease. The disease causes damage that directly prevents the transfer of oxygen to the bloodstream. Which part of the respiratory system does emphysema damage? a. alveoli
b. bronchi
c. larynx
d. trachea 31. The cells of the nasal cavity and the trachea are lined with cilia. Which of the following describes a purpose of cilia? a. to cool air that is entering the respiratory system b. to help move trapped particles out of the respiratory system c. to help produce sound as air moves out of the respiratory system d. to increase the surface area for gas exchange in the respiratory system 32. Heartburn is pain that occurs when acidic gastric juice is forced out of the upper end of the stomach. In which of the following organs does a person experience heartburn? a. pancreas
​
b. esophagus
c. small intestine
d. large intestine
33. Several parts of the human nervous system are listed below. 9
●
●
●
●
brain motor neurons sensory neurons spinal cord a. Describe the primary function of ​
each​
of the parts of the nervous system identified in the list. Brain: main control center ­ process/analyze information Motor neurons: move muscles Sensory neurons: takes impulses from the senses Spinal cord: transmits signals to the brain, deals with reflexes b. A person sees a ball and kicks it, in part because of actions of the nervous system. Using the parts of the nervous system listed, describe the path of nerve impulses that cause the person to (1) see the ball and (2) kick the ball. 1.) See the ball with your eyes (senses) 2.) Sensory neurons detect the signal of a ball to kick 3.) Signal travels to your spine and brain 4.) Interneurons transmit the signal to your motor neurons in your leg 5.) Muscles in your leg then contract for you to kick the ball