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Transcript
Name: ______________________________________________ Period:____________ Chapter 2 Section 2 Geology Note Guide: How Soil Forms 1] What is Soil? a. ________________________ is the loose, weathered material on Earth’s surface in which plants grow. b. One of the main ingredients of soil is: _______________________ which is the solid layer of rock beneath the soil. 2] Soil Composition a. Soil is comprised of a mixture of rock, particles, ________________________, decayed organic material, water and air. b. The decayed organic material in soil is called ___________________________. Humus provides plants with the nutrients they need to grow. c. Soil that is rich in humus has a _____________ __________________ rate supporting plant growth. 3] Soil Texture a. Soil texture depends on the ______________________ of the individual particles. b. The largest particle size is __________________________. c. The smallest __________________________ size is clay. d. _____________________ is the best type of soil for growing plants since it is made up of about equal parts of clay, sand and silt. 4] The Process of Soil Formation a. Soil forms as rock is broken down by __________________ and mixes with other materials. b. 3 horizons (layers) A horizon: ___________________ _______________________: subsoil C horizon: partly _______________________rock 5] Horizon A a. Horizon A is made up of ______________________________. b. Topsoil is a crumbly, dark brown soil that is a mixture of ___________________, clay and other materials. c. This soil horizon is most important for growing _________________________. 6] Horizon B a. Horizon B is consists of clay and other particles washed down from Horizon A; very little __________________. b. Horizon B is often called _________________________. c. ______________________ forms last as particles wash down from the A horizon. 7] Horizon C a. Horizon C is ______________________________ rock. b. The ______________________ is most similar to bedrock. c. It consists mostly of pieces of __________________________. 8] Rate of Soil Formation a. The rate of soil formation depends on the _______________________ and ____________________. b. Weather occurs most rapidly in areas with a ________________, _________________ climate so soil will form faster in these areas. c. Soil forms more quickly from limestone than granite since limestone weathers faster. 9] Soil Types Classified based on ___________________, ___________________ and ____________________________. 10] Types of Soil a. ________________________ soil forms in regions with hot, wet climates. b. Thin soil forms in mountains and polar regions with ____________ and _____________climates. c. The thickest and most fertile soil forms in moderate temperatures with __________________ _____________________. 11] Major Soil Types in North America a. Forest b. ____________ c. Desert d. ____________ e. ____________ f. Tropical 12] Living Organisms in Soil a. Two ways organisms contribute to soil: 1. ________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________ 13] Forming Humus a. ____________________contribute most of the organic remains that form humus. b. As plants shed leaves, they form a loose layer called _______________________. c. Humus forms in a process known as _________________________ where organisms that live in the soil turn dead organic material into humus. d. ____________________________are the organisms that break down the remains. These include _______________, bacteria, _____________, and other organisms. 14] Mixing the Soil a. _________________________ mix humus with other materials in soil. b. They also help move air and water into the soil through a process called __________________________.