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Download 5. Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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509 BC-476 CE Describe the physical and cultural settings in which Roman civilization arose Outline how the Roman republic was structured and governed Understand the rights and religious practices that characterized Roman society Explain how the Roman republic grew and maintained its conquest Etruscans Republic Patrician Consul Dictator Plebeian Tribune Veto legion Rome began as a small city in Italy an became a ruler of the Mediterranean and beyond. The story of the Romans and how they built a world empire begins with the land which they live Unlike Greece Italy was not divided geographically Apennine Mountains less rugged Fertile farms lands better support population Latin's settled along the Tiber River Villages located on seven small hills Eventually grew together to form Rome Legend of Romulus and Remus Etruscans: Greek colonist whose citystated dominated the northern region Ruled much of Italy including Rome Romans learned construction and engineering from Etruscans How did geography influence the origins and expansion of the empire Italy is centrally located in the Mediterranean Has broad plans suitable for farming Drove out Etruscans in 509 BC Established a state form of government called res publica Republic: government that belongs to the people Thought that no one person could be too powerful Republic was governed by a Senate that made the laws and controlled the government 300 members were all patricians who were upper class, land owners Senators would nominate two consuls that supervise the business of the senate In times of war or crisis would elect a dictator who had complete control of the government Ruled for six months then had to step down Plebeians were the lower class farmers, merchants, artisans Made up most of the population Wanted citizenship Elected official called tribunes to protect their interest Tribunes had a veto in the senate Plebeians protested that they could not follow the law if the did not know it Senate set up a stone tablets in the market with the laws inscribed Law of Twelve Tables made it possible to for Plebeians to dispute judgment Senate still dominated but the people gained access to power and won safeguards to their rights 2000 years later the roman government would be the influence for the Constitution of the United States of America How did the membership of the senate change over time? Initially senate membership was only open to patricians Eventfully plebeians gained access to the senate Played a larger role in society than Greeks Ran businesses Were very public Family unit was the base of Society Under law Male was the head of the household Role of Women changed over time Romans Education Both Girls and Boys from upper class learned to read and write Hired Greek tutors Polytheistic society A lot of their religion was adapted from Greek Mythology Zeus – Jupiter Hera – Juno Poseidon – Neptune Built temples to gods Would celebrate feast to their gods Displayed statues of the gods in the temples What social rights did Roman woman have? Allowed to go in public, run businesses Had some political influence Very skillful in diplomacy Well trained army Roman Legion: basic military unit comprised of 5000 men Commanders would use reward and punishment to motivate Citizen soldiers Very loyal Fought with out pay Supplied own weapons Professional soldiers Paid Supplied with weapons Career minded Treated defeated enemies with justice Let them keep customs, religion, and money Extended some citizenship Allowed to marry Romans Posted soldiers Created roads Eventually through trade Roman culture diffused throughout Conquered lands How did the romans treat people the conquered? Treated defeated enemies with justice Let them keep customs, religion, and money Extended some citizenship Allowed to marry Romans Understand how the Roman republic grew through a series of conquests Identify the events leading to the decline of the Roman Republic Describe the nature of the new age that dawned with the Roman Empire Imperialism Latifundia Tiberius Gracchus Gaius Gracchus Julius Caesar Augustus Census Hadrian Conquest of Italian peninsula brought Rome in contact with many cultures Carthaginians On the coast of Africa Empire stretched to Spain Settled by Phoenicians 264 and 146 BC Rome fought three wars against Carthage Punic wars from Punicus Latin for Phoenician First war Rome won Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia Carthage fought for revenge on Rome Hannibal crossed the alps with elephants Surprised Rome Hannibal move across Rome for 15 years winning victories Hannibal failed to conquer Rome Romans out flanked the Carthaginians Hannibal forced to return home Romans finally defeated the Carthaginians selling them into slavery and salting their land The Carthaginians fought for their own survival the Romans for supremacy and world domination Rome was committed to a policy of Imperialism Imperialism: establishing control over foreign lands and people Rome fought for many reasons Plunder Expand Empire “Mare Nostrum” Our Sea Conquest and control of trade routes brought riches Built lavish mansions filled with luxury Latifundia: large framing estates About 1/3 of the people Living in Rome were slave Two young Plebeians Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus attempted to reform the senate Called to re distribute land to farmers Called for the government to pay for grain for the poor Along with thousands of their followers the brothers were killed in the streets by hired thugs What challenges did Rome face building the Republic? War, gaps between rich and poor, increased corruption Unable to solve problems of corruption Rome plunged into a series of Civil Wars Many slave uprisings Citizen soldiers became professional soldiers loyal to their commanders not Rome Ambitious military leader Used his army to conquer Gaul Marched his army across the Rubicon on Rome and declared himself supreme ruler of Rome Pushed for a number of Reforms in Rome Launched a public works program Also re organized the government and granted Roman citizenship Introduced the Julian Calendar Caesars enemies worried he was to powerful Arriving at the Senate he was attacked and stabbed to death His death plunged Rome into a civil war Marc Anthony and Octavian joined to hunt down Caesars Murderer's What central issue sparked the warfare that eventually led to the decline of Rome? Who should hold the power the Senate or the popular political leaders Octavian triumphs over Marc Antony and declares himself Emperor of Rome Takes the title of Augustus or Exalted One Ruled from 31 B.C. to 14 A.D. Undertook economics reforms to make sure the tax system was fair Ordered a census of Rome to account for all the people in the Empire Set up a postal service Put jobless to work buildering roads and temples ROMAN REPUBLIC Two Councils Annually elected Held equal power Dictator Elected in times of crisis Held office for 6 months ROMAN EMPIRE Emperor Inherited power Served for life Was worshiped as a god ROMAN REPUBLIC Senate ROMAN EMPIRE Issued advisory decrees to magistrates and people Held enormous power Had about 300 members Popular assemblies Two assemblies: centuriate (military) and tribal(nonmilitary) Elected magistrates, held legislative power made key discisions Senate Issued binding decrees Acted as a high court Elected magistrates Held little power as a body Had about 600 members No Popular Assembly Not all successors were great rulers Caligula and Nero were considered insane Caligula appointed his favorite horse to the council Nero burnt the city of Rome just so he could re build it Hadrian codified the Roman Law for all provinces 200 year span from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius was the Pax Romana or Roman Peace Roman Legions maintained and protected the Empire Trade flourished Traded with Africa, Middle East and China Summarize the works of Roman literary figures, historians and achievers Describe the Art and Architecture of Rome Understand how Romans applied science and mathematics Explain how Roman legal codes protected the empire Virgil Satirize Mosaic Engineering Aqueduct Ptolemy Rome absorbed many ideas from the Greeks Many Romans spoke Greek Used Greek style in literature and poetry Virgil a roman poet wrote an epic poem Aeneid to raise the level of nationalism after Augustus Basic Plot: A hero escapes Troy to found Rome Livy—told tails of Horatius and Cincinnatus—dictator who gave back Rome after 16 days Tacitus wrote about Augustus destroying liberty Philosophy—adopted from Greeks. Very STOIC, Emphasized Fate How did Roman writers promote patriotism? Epic Poems that portrayed Rome's link to the past . Using poetry to recall Roman heroes Focused on revealing character of person. Often displayed in frescoes and mosaics: pattern of tiles Elegant architecture Used columns and arches—Greek Pantheon domed structure that honors many gods. How did Roman Architecture differ from the Greeks? Greek was simple elegance Roman was grandeur Rome adapted the use of Concrete Engineering-application of science and math to building Built roads, bridges etc. Built aqueducts— carried water from hills into city. Used Concrete to create larger buildings Design Emphasized Grandeur Rome generally left Science to the Greeks Ptolemy gave theory that the Earth was at the center of the universe. Galen—composed medical encyclopedia. Pliny composed an encyclopedia of basically everything. Who in the Roman Empire engaged in scientific research? Greeks Who put Science to practical use? Romans by compiling Encyclopedias of knowledge Focused on the rule of law and Justice US follows many Roman laws Civil law Developed under the Republic, applied to citizens only—later law of nations emerged—applied to all people. Innocent until proven guilty Decisions had to be fair. Penalties according to social classes—different from US in theory alike in actuality. What were the basic Principles of Roman Law? Innocent until proven guilty Allowed to face your accuser and offer a defense Guilt had to proven Understand the diverse religions included in the early Empire Summarize the teachings of Jesus and how the spread Outline the development of the Early Christian Church Cult of Isis from Egypt Offered women equal status with men Cult of Mithrae Good over evil and life after death Favored by Roman Soldiers Rome tolerated many religions Most Romans were Polytheistic 63 B.C. Conquered Judea where many Jews lived. Jews excused from worshiping Roman Gods Most Jews willing to live under Roman rule Zealots rebelled. Jews waited for the Messiah—the anointed one-- to lead them to freedom Rome's policy towards most religions in the empire? Tolerant as long as they showed loyalty to Rome Jewish prophecy told of an anointed one that would come and deliver the Jews from the Romans It was thought the messiah was to be a great military leader Instead the messiah was a carpenter from Galilee and a teacher Born 4 B.C.— descendent of King David—son of Mary Grew up in Nazareth At the age of 30 began teaching, healing, performing miracles Gathered his 12 Apostles: Greek for “Person sent forth” Teachings firmly rooted in Jewish tradition Obedience to the laws of Moses “Love God with all your heart” Traveled to Jerusalem for Passover Was thought to be a threat to Rome Arrested by the Romans then turned over to Jewish authorities Crucified, Died and was buried, on the third day rose from the dead What aspects of Jesus message were unique? Son of God Preached Love Spiritual Salvation Importance of forgiveness Named Saul, A Jew from Tarsus initially persecuted the Christians (tax collector) After receiving a revelation on the road to Damascus he becomes a Christian Between 45 and 58 C.E. spend his life spreading Christianity using his roman citizenship to travel among Syria-Palestine, Greece and Anatolia Became increasing frustrated with the Jews refusal to accept Jesus Jew were appalled the deciples for failing to maintain traditional Jewish practices Discovering a spiritual hunger among many Gentiles, Paul re directs his efforts setting up Christian communities in the eastern portion of the Empire A Jewish uprising led to a reconquering of Judea by the Romans and this led to the destruction of many Judeo-Christian communities in Judea Rome's tolerant views on religion not extended to the Christians Early Christians meet in secret Persecuted early Christians Romans used Christians as a scape goats Martyrs: died for their Christian beliefs Christian Missionaries used Greek ideas to spread their message Unity of Rome eased the travel of early missionaries Taught in Greek and Roman so all could learn Persecution brought new converts Blood of the Martyrs was the seeds of Christianity 313 AD Emperor Constantine issues the Edict on Milan granting freedom for Christians to worship Theodosius adopted Christianity as the official religion of the Empire What factors enabled Christianity to spread? Unity of the empire St. Paul's citizenship Greek and Roman Language Joining the Church To become a Christian you had to be baptized Members consider themselves equal call each other “Brother” or “Sister” Celebrate the Eucharist (trans substantiation) Women served as teacher in the early church, but were latter barred Only men were eligible to be members of the Clergy Clergy: person who conducts services Pope or Patriarch is at the top Then Bishops run areas called Diocese Diocese are made up of parish’s or church's run by a pastor or priest Pope/ Patriarch Catholic Church I Bishop Diocese Bishop Diocese Bishop Diocese I I I Priest Priest Priest Parish Parish Parish Priest Priest Priest Parish Parish Parish Priest Priest Preist Parish Parish Parish Rivalry among Patriarch developed Ritual and structure became more defined The west Latin speaking Bishop of Rome became the Pope and had authority over all Bishops Greek speaking East had four Patriarchs Emergence of Heresies or beliefs contrary to what the church teaches caused divison Early Christian produced an abundance of literature called Theology Theology: “talk or discourse about God” Early scholar Augustine combines Christian doctrine with Greco-Roman Philosophy and the teaching of Plato How was the early church organized? Clergy: person who conducts services Pope or Patriarch is at the top Then Bishops run areas called Diocese Diocese are made up of parish’s or church's run by a pastor or priest The Empire Divided Political Violence increases Emperors are routinely overthrown General use their armies to gain power Would rule a short time then become overthrown High taxes are levied to support the government Farmland has been over cultivated Farmers left their land to live under Land Lords on large estates Many farmers are now indentured servants 284 Diocletian divided the empire into two parts Diocletian kept control of the Wealthy West Appointed Maximian to control the East Also created a price freeze to stop inflation Forced farmers to remain on their land Sons were required to stay in the family business Constantine continued Diocletian's reforms Granted Christian tolerance Renamed Byzantium Constantinople and created a new capital in the east Reforms helped the economy and held together the empire for another 100 years How do you think Rome’s unstable government affected the economy? Made trade dangerous Caused disruption in government Created Inflation The Huns began to advance on Rome Followed by the Visigoths, Ostrogoth's and Germanic peoples As the Huns advanced into Germany large numbers of people fled to Rome Rome first surrenders Britain followed by France and Spain Fast moving cavalry skilled with bow and arrow 378 Roman Armies could not turn back the Visigoths 410 the Visigoths overran Italy and plundered Rome Germanic people called Vandals spread throughout Gaul How did the Hun Invasion weaken the Empire? Ravaged large areas leaving it exposed to attack Invasions Rome employed Mercenaries to help fight invaders Hired Soldiers did not have the same passion as Roman citizens to fight Political turmoil Corrupt politicians Weak Economy High taxes Inflation Declining farmlands Social Decay People were to involved in “social activities” to worry about the good of the Empire Rome did not disappear from the map Moved east and became the Byzantine Empire Much of Roman Civilization survived Many still spoke Latin and followed Roman Law What social problems contributed to the decline of the Empire? Patriotism Sense of duty Devotion to the empire mercenaries