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Download Glucose, galactose and Fructose
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Chemistry of Life Biology – S1 Carbohydrates: made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (CHO) •CH2O •1:2:1 ratio 3 Classes • saccharide= sugar • Monosaccharide- simple sugars, most are sweet tasting and dissolve easily • Ribose-sugar in RNA and ATP • Deoxyribose-sugar in DNA • Glucose-simple plant sugar • Galactose- found in dairy products and sugar beets • Fructose- found in fruits, vegetables, sugar cane and honey • Xylose-wood sugar, not absorbed by humans • Glucose, galactose and Fructose and be absorbed directly into the bloodstream • Main fuel for cellular activity. Less sweet on top, more sweet on bottom *HFCS-42% = High fructose corn syrup 42% fructose 53% glucose (beverages, baked go * Invert sugar = syrups created by combining 2 simple sugars •2 Disaccharide- short chain of two or more sugars that are bonded together by dehydration synthesis •Lactose= glucose + galactose •Sucrose= glucose + fructose •Maltose= glucose + glucose POPULATION Can you identify any trends here? Source: Robert D. McCracken, "Lactase Deficiency: An Example of Dietary Evolution," Current Anthropology 12 (Oct.-Dec. 1971, pp. 479-517) and Norman Kretchner, "Lactose and Lactase," Scientific American 277 (Oct. 1972, pp. 71-78) U.S. European Americans Latinos (Hispanic Americans) African Americans Native Americans Asian Americans Mexico Europe Sweden Switzerland Spain Finland Estonia England Hungary Greece Jordan Africa Southern Sudan (cattle herders) Ibo and Yoruba (Nigeria) Asia Japan Thailand Australia (Aborigines) LACTOSE INTOLERANT ADULTS 2-19 % 52 % 70-77 % 95 % 95-100 % 83 % 4% 12 % 15 % 18 % 28 % 32 % 37 % 88 % 79 % 17 % 99 % 90 % 99 % 85 % •Polysaccharide: complex carbohydrates, long chains (a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides) •Examples: starch, cellulose, glycogen, and chitin •Starch: is made entirely of glucose, broken down by hydrolysis •Glycogen: made of glucose, in animals stored in our liver and muscles, branches frequently •Glucagon: pancreatic hormone that breaks down glycogen, acts opposite of insulin (negative feedback mechanism) •Cellulose: most abundant organic compound on Earth •polymer of glucose •very difficult to hydrolyze by most animals •commonly known as indigestible fiber (colon health) •Chitin: found in exoskeletons of many insects, cell walls of fungi (makes fresh mushrooms crisp) The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls Starch and cellulose molecular models Glucose Glucose Cellulose Starch
