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CH2OH H O H OH H H OH HO H OH Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH2O (CH2O)x C6H12O6 Function: Energy storage structural materials Monomer: monosaccharides (simple sugars) sgar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar Numbered carbons C 6' 5' C O 4' C C1' energy stored in C-C bonds C3' C2' Sugars Most names for sugars end in -ose Classified by number of carbons 6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) H CH2OH H O H OH 6H HO H OH Glucose CH2OH OH C O H HO H 5 OH O H HO H Ribose H H H C OH C 3OH H Glyceraldehyde Functional groups determine function carbonyl aldehyde carbonyl ketone Simple & complex sugars CH2OH H Monosaccharides simple 1 monomer sugars Glucose, galactose, fructose Disaccharides 2 monomers Sucrose, lactose, maltose Polysaccharides large polymers Starch, Glycogen O H OH H H OH HO Glucose H OH Building sugars Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides | glucose | glucose disaccharide | maltose Building sugars Synthesis monosaccharides | glucose | fructose disaccharide | sucrose (table sugar) Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars costs little energy to build easily reversible = release energy Function: energy storage starch (plants) glycogen (animals) structure = building materials cellulose (plants) chitin (arthropods & fungi) peptidoglycan (bacteria) Linear vs. branched polysaccharides starch (plant) energy storage glycogen (animal) Polysaccharide diversity Molecular structure determines function in starch in cellulose isomers of glucose structure determines function… Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest cellulose hard to digest enzyme enzyme Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet Helpful bacteria How can cows digest cellulose? bacteria live in their gut & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals