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Other Artists Raphael • Raffaello Sanzio, became known as Raphael • Renowned painter, accomplished architect • Most famous work, The School of Athens, fresco— painting made on fresh, moist plaster • Also well known for many paintings of the Madonna, mother of Jesus • Dates: 1483-1520 Italy Leonardo da Vinci • Highly talented in all fields • His paintings are still studied and admired • Wrote out ideas, filling 20,000 pages of notes • His interests, enthusiasm boundless Talented painter but was also a writer, inventor, architect, engineer, mathematician, musician, and philosopher. -true Genius of the Renaissance. “Renaissance Man” Mona Lisa Last Supper 1452-1519 Florence, Milan, Bramante • Renaissance architecture reached height with work of Donato Bramante • Had already achieved fame when chosen architect of Rome • Designed St. Peter’s Basilica ;influenced appearance of many smaller churches Michelangelo • Studied anatomy • Age 24, won fame with Pietà, sculpture of Jesus’ mother Mary holding son’s dead body • Sculpture communicates grief, love, acceptance, immortality Sculpture, Painting • Marble statue of David • Most famous painting, artwork on ceiling of Sistine Chapel • Scenes from Old Testament considered one of greatest achievements in art history • -studied in Medici garden, supported by this patron family. 1400’s, Florence, Italy 1475-1564 Secular Writers/Examples of Renaissance Men How to Act • Italian diplomat Baldassare Castiglione wrote book, The Courtier • Described how perfect Renaissance gentleman, gentlewoman should act • Book includes fictional conversation between duke, guests Castiglione’s Advice • Castiglione gave nobles new rules for refined behavior in humanist society • Speak of serious, as well of amusing subjects; know Latin, Greek • Be well-acquainted with poetry, history; be able to write prose, poetry A Book Revolution Printing Press • Mid-1400s, Johannes Gutenberg cast letters of alphabet on metal plates, locked metal plates on wooden press; perfected movable type printing • Result, one of most dramatic upheavals world has ever known Printed Word Available to More • Before only way to reproduce writing was by hand; long, painstaking process • With movable type, text quickly printed; producing books faster, cheaper • Easier access to books prompted more people to learn to read Italics • Gutenberg’s first publication, 1,282-page Bible • Printers soon appeared in other cities, made books quickly, inexpensively • Explosion of printed material quickly spread Renaissance ideas Philosophers and Writers Northern humanists expressed their own ideas Combined interests of theology, fiction and history Created philosophical works, novels, dramas, and poems Desiderius Erasmus • Combined Christian ideas, humanism • Wrote of pure, simple Christian life, educating children • Fanned flames of discontent • Roman Catholic Church censored, condemned works Sir Thomas More • More’s best-known work, Utopia, contains criticisms of English government, society • Presents vision of perfect, non-existent society based on reason Christine de Pisan • Italian-born writer focused on role of women in society • Grew up in French court of Charles V; turned to writing when widowed • Championed equality, education for women Shakespeare and His Characters William Shakespeare • Many believe English playwright William Shakespeare greatest writer • Plots not original, but treatments of them masterful • Drew inspiration from ancient, contemporary literature • Knowledge of natural science, humanist topics expressed in plays Spread Renaissance Ideas • Use of language, choice of themes made plays appealing even to uneducated • Plays helped spread ideas of Renaissance to mass audience • Focused on lives of realistic characters, unlike morality plays • By Shakespeare’s death, 1616, London scene of thriving theatre district Machiavelli Machiavellian advice seemed to encourage harsh treatment of citizens, rival states • Describes men as “ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers” • Advises rulers to separate morals from politics – Power, ruthlessness more useful than idealism – Ruler must do whatever necessary to maintain political power, even if cruel • Machiavelli’s theory that “the end justifies the means” deviated from accepted views of correct behavior • Idea that state an entity in itself, separate from its ruler, became foundation for later political philosophy • How to Rule • Philosopher, statesman Niccolò Machiavelli also wrote influential book • Experiences with violent politics influenced opinions on how governments should rule in The Prince Renaissance Art The arts a reflection of the new humanist spirit Medieval artists—idealized and symbolic representations Renaissance artists depicted what they observed in nature Patrons of the Arts • Medieval times, anonymous artists who worked for church created art • Renaissance artists worked for whoever offered them highest price • Buyers of art, patrons, might be wealthy individuals, city governments, or church Competition Among Patrons • Wealthy individuals competed, displaying wealth, modernity through purchase of artworks • Florence, Lorenzo de Medici supported most talented artists. • Patron of the Arts: gave money to support artists Renaissance artists wanted to paint the natural world as realistically as possible.