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Name ___________________________ Chapter 4 Class ___________________ Date _____________ Atomic Structure Chapter Test B Multiple Choice Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided. 1. The Greek philosopher Democritus coined what word for a tiny piece of matter that cannot be divided? a. element b. atom c. electron d. molecule 2. According to John Dalton’s observations, when elements combine in a compound, a. the ratio of their masses is always the same. b. each element contributes an equal number of atoms. c. their volumes are always equal. d. their masses are always equal. © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3. Which of the following is NOT part of John Dalton’s atomic theory? a. All elements are composed of atoms. b. All atoms of the same element have the same mass. c. Atoms contain subatomic particles. d. A compound contains atoms of more than one element. Figure 4-1 4. The diagram in Figure 4-1 shows the results of Rutherford’s gold foil experiment. What caused some of the alpha particles to bounce straight back from the gold foil? a. electrons in the gold atoms b. negative charges in the gold atoms c. other alpha particles d. nuclei in the gold atoms Physical Science ■ Chapter 4 Test B 31 Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________ 5. Who provided evidence for the existence of a nucleus in an atom? a. John Dalton b. J.J. Thomson c. Democritus d. Ernest Rutherford 6. In an atomic model that includes a nucleus, positive charge is a. concentrated in the center of an atom. b. spread evenly throughout an atom. c. concentrated at multiple sites in an atom. d. located in the space outside the nucleus. 7. Which subatomic particle has a negative charge? a. electron b. alpha particle c. neutron d. proton 8. Which statement about subatomic particles is NOT true? a. Protons and neutrons have almost the same mass. b. Protons and electrons have opposite charges. c. Unlike protons and electrons, neutrons have no charge. d. Protons and neutrons have the same charge. 9. The number of protons in one atom of an element is that element’s a. mass number. b. balanced charge. c. atomic number. d. isotope. 10. To find the number of neutrons in an atom, you would subtract a. mass number from atomic number. b. atomic number from mass number. c. atomic number from electron number. d. isotope number from atomic number. 12. What can you assume has happened if an electron moves to a higher energy level? a. The atom has become more stable. b. The electron has lost energy. c. The electron has gained energy. d. The atom has lost an electron. 32 Physical Science ■ Chapter 4 Test B © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11. In Niels Bohr’s model of the atom, electrons move a. like balls rolling down a hill. b. like planets orbiting the sun. c. like popcorn in a popcorn popper. d. like beach balls on water waves. Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________ 13. What does the electron cloud model describe? a. the most likely locations of electrons in atoms b. the precise locations of electrons in atoms c. the number of electrons in an atom d. the mass of the electrons in an atom 14. Which of the following provides the best analogy for an electron in an atomic orbital? a. a bee moving from flower to flower in a garden b. a bird resting on a tree branch c. an ant crawling on the surface of a leaf d. a bee trying to escape from a closed jar 15. What is the difference between an atom in the ground state and an atom in an excited state? a. The atom in the ground state has less energy and is less stable than the atom in an excited state. b. The atom in an excited state has one fewer electron than the atom in the ground state. c. The atom in an excited state has more energy and is less stable than the atom in the ground state. d. The atom in an excited state has one more electron than the atom in the ground state. Completion © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Complete each statement on the line provided. 1. According to , all matter was made up of four elements—earth, air, fire, and water. 2. John Dalton concluded that all the atoms of a single have the same mass. 3. The subatomic particle that J.J. Thomson discovered has a(an) charge. 4. In Rutherford’s gold foil experiment, some of the aimed at gold atoms bounced back, suggesting that a solid mass was at the center of the atom. 5. Protons and are found in the nucleus of an atom. 6. If element Q has 11 protons, its atomic is 11. 7. The nuclei of isotopes contain different numbers of . 8. In Bohr’s model of the atom, move in fixed orbits around the nucleus. 9. The moving blades of an airplane propeller provide an analogy for the electron model. Physical Science ■ Chapter 4 Test B 33 Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________ 10. When all the electrons in an atom are in orbitals with the lowest possible energy, the atom is in its state. Short Answer Use complete sentences to write the answers to the questions on the lines provided. 1. What did Democritus believe about matter? 2. How did the results of J.J. Thomson’s experiments change how scientists thought about atoms? 3. What did Rutherford conclude about the location of positive charge in an atom? 4. What is the maximum number of electrons that an atomic orbital can contain? 34 Physical Science ■ Chapter 4 Test B © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5. How does the state of atoms in a neon light change when light is emitted? Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________ Using Science Skills Use the diagram to answer each question. Write the answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1 2 3 – – – + – – – – – © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 4-2 1. Comparing and Contrasting In Figure 4-2, what is the main difference between the atomic model in panel 1 and the model in panel 2? 2. Comparing and Contrasting In Figure 4-2, what is the main difference between the atomic model in panel 2 and the model in panel 3? 3. Interpreting Graphics Are the atomic models in Figure 4-2 arranged in the order that they were developed? Explain your answer. 4. Using Analogies Read the following analogy and explain how it applies to panels 1 and 2 in Figure 4-2: The atomic model in panel 1 is to the model in panel 2 as a drawing of the outside of a house is to a blueprint of the inside. 5. Evaluating In Figure 4-2, how is the atomic model in panel 2 helpful to your understanding of the atom? In what ways is it not helpful? Physical Science ■ Chapter 4 Test B 35