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Grammar Voyage
Teacher Manual
Michael Clay Thompson
Art by Milton N. Kemnitz
Royal Fireworks Press
Unionville, New York
Grammar Voyage 1
Copyright © 2012, Royal Fireworks Publishing Company, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. No copying or reproduction
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Design and graphics by Michael Clay Thompson
Ship paintings by Milton N. Kemnitz
Michael Clay Thompson 2
Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Level One: Parts of Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Level Two: Parts of Sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Level Three: Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Level Four: Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
How to Implement Grammar Voyage . . . . . . . . . 153
This pie chart shows the number of Grammar Voyage pages
devoted to each of the four levels of grammar analysis. You can
see that approximately half of the instructional time must be
devoted to parts of speech.
Grammar Voyage 3
LEVEL THREE
PHRASES
As you work through the instruction of
Level Three, Phrases, begin each class with
several two-levels so that students increase
their comprehension of parts of speech
and parts of sentence. The first two levels
are critical to understanding phrases, but
phrases are also critical to understanding
parts of speech and parts of sentence.
Every level makes the other levels easier.
Michael Clay Thompson 108
THREE KINDS OF PHRASES
prepositional • appositive • verbal
C7
A phrase is a group of words, but it acts like one word,
like a single part of speech. It does a one-word job.
A phrase cannot have a subject and verb.
Some phrases act like nouns, others like adjectives or even adverbs.
A whole phrase, for example, can be a noun/direct object.
I
subj.
love eating swordfish steaks.
AVP
-------------------------D.O.---------------------------
This is like “I love dogs” except
that the direct object is a three-word phrase.
1. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
Prepositional phrases always begin with prepositions,
and they act like modifiers (like adjectives or adverbs):
like an adjective: The ship at the dock sank.
like an adverb: It sailed after sunset.
like an adjective: It’s a letter for him and her.
like an adverb: From the forecastle he shouted commands.
A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition that shows the relationship
between its object, which will usually be a noun or object pronoun, and some
other word in the sentence. Prepositional phrases are always modifiers. If a
prepositional phrase acts as an adjective, it comes immediately after the noun
or pronoun it modifies:
The main hold of the ship needed repairs.
Grammar Voyage 109
See how of the ship modifies the noun hold, just as an ordinary adjective would?
The phrase begins with the preposition of and relates its object ship to another
word in the sentence, hold. If a prepositional phrase acts as an adverb, it can
come in a number of different places, including at the beginning of the sentence:
From the start the trawler led the fleet.
In this case, from the start modifies the verb led. Notice that prepositional phrases
do not have subjects and predicates. No phrases do. Many prepositional phrases
start with a preposition, then have an adjective that modifies a noun: on the
deck, prep-adj-n. Notice also that we do not put a comma after a single, short
introductory prepositional phrase.
One of the problems that prepositions can cause occurs when a prepositional
phrase modifies the subject of the sentence and therefore comes between the
subject and its verb: The leader of the people is benevolent. The problem comes
when we mistakenly match the verb to the object of the preposition instead of
to the subject. We will examine this again in a few pages, but here is an example:
RIGHT: The captain of the pirates is cruel.
WRONG: The captain of the pirates are cruel.
Michael Clay Thompson 110
2. APPOSITIVE PHRASES
Appositive phrases are interrupting definitions.
Enclosed in commas, they are put (pos) beside (apo)
what they define. They act like nouns or sometimes like adjectives.
Roberto, the captain’s poodle, came on board early.
The canal, an old lake system, was still used by ships.
Appositive phrases are called appositives because they are apposed—put beside
what they define. An appositive phrase is a graceful way of inserting a quick
explanation or definition so that your reader is not confused for the rest of the
sentence.
The Franca C, a vintage passenger liner, was in port.
Because appositive phrases are interruptions, there is a comma rule for them;
there should be commas before and after the appositive or appositive phrase:
Calle del Cristo, the street by the plaza, is beautiful.
Notice that appositive phrases do not have subjects and predicates. Also, there
can be a one-word appositive, such as a state appositive or date appositive. It is
not always a phrase (group of words), but it still needs two commas:
My old friend, Hernandez, arrived on the afternoon ferry.
On March 10, 1837, the harbor was sunny and calm.
Veracruz, Mexico, is a a seaside town.
New Orleans, Louisiana, is on the Gulf of Mexico.
Grammar Voyage 111
Before the idea
takes root that
the verbals
are difficult,
point out that
there are only
THREE, and
that each
one can be
defined in one
sentence.
3. VERBAL PHRASES
Much of the time, we use verb forms
such as thinking, broken, or snapped
as verbs in sentences: I am thinking.
It has been broken. The branch snapped.
Often a helping verb helps to construct the verb tense.
Notice how
verbals clear
up details in
parts of speech:
if you do not
know gerunds,
you do not
completely
know nouns.
You need
Level Three
to understand
Level One.
Sometimes, though, we use these verb forms
in different ways: as nouns or modifiers.
A verbal is what we call a verb form
used as something other than a verb.
There are three kinds of verbals:
gerunds, participles, and infinitives,
and they can appear either alone or in phrases.
GERUNDS are nouns made out of -ing verbs.
Sailing is fun. I like rowing.
Eating pizza is my favorite activity.
8
C
PARTICIPLES are adjectives made out of verbs.
Sailing well, the rusty ship headed for the island.
Completely broken, the mast fell over into the sea.
Badly cracked, the red paint peeled off the hull.
The snapped mast fell to the deck.
INFINITIVES are nouns or modifiers made from the to verb form.
To sail is fun. (noun)
The man to see is Howard. (adjective)
He lived to sail. (adverb)
Note: We think of an infinitive as one word.
To think is regarded as one word.
Michael Clay Thompson 112
Verbals show how creative our minds are. If we can take an action verb and
make a noun out of it somehow, then we can make ideas not just about things,
but also about actions. Verbals are not verbs in sentences, but they are still verby
enough to do verby things. For example, look at this gerund phrase, in which
the gerund is a noun and the phrase is the subject of the sentence:
Loading the cargo would take at least three days.
See the gerund phrase Loading the cargo? It is acting as the subject of the verb
would take. Notice that the noun cargo is almost like a direct object of the gerund.
It is receiving the action of the gerund Loading, just as if the gerund were still a
verb. When this happens, we call it the object of the gerund. You also can have
objects of participles and objects of infinitives:
Loading the cargo, the crew worked into the late afternoon.
To load the cargo is a good day’s work.
Because a subject is a subject and an object is an object, the objects of verbals
have to use object pronouns. Remember, everything called an object must use
an object pronoun (me you him her it us you them):
Finding him and her was the best part of the voyage.
To find him and her is one of the goals of the voyage.
C7
MISPLACED MODIFIERS
One of the dangers of using modifiers is that if you put a modifying phrase in
the wrong place, it will modify the wrong thing. Usually, it modifies what you
attach it to:
Chewing his gum energetically, a fly flew past the captain’s nose.
The participial phrase Chewing his gum energetically modifies the noun fly. Because
this modifier is misplaced, the sentence is ridiculous. We meant to say that the
captain was chewing gum, but this sentence means that a fly is chewing gum
Grammar Voyage 113
energetically. Better would be: A fly flew past Jones’s nose as he chewed his
gum energetically.
RIGHT: The sailor with the long hair ran away.
WRONG: The sailor ran away with the long hair.
A modifier is DANGLING
when the word it means
to modify is not even in
the sentence: “Chewing
his gum, a fly flew by.”
SPLIT INFINITIVES
An infinitive, such as to think, is regarded as one word. (A prepositional phrase,
such to Boston, is two words.) We should never split the infinitive with another
word, like to really think.
WRONG: You need to carefully think about that.
RIGHT: You need to think about that carefully.
Remember that phrases do not have subjects and verbs in them. Prepositional
phrases, for example, do not. A prepositional phrase always begins with a
preposition and then often is followed by an adjective and a noun. There is no
verb in the phrase, so a phrase is not a complete idea.
The key to verbal
phrases is realizing
that the entire
phrase acts as
one word. If a
gerund phrase is
the subject, the
ENTIRE phrase, not
just the gerund, is
the subject.
Michael Clay Thompson 114
Subject/verb disagreement
and the intervening phrase: potential disaster
Sometimes a phrase or two will come between the subject and its predicate in
a sentence.
The ship with the cargo of vegetables sails north.
Here, the subject is ship, and the predicate is sails. What often happens in this
situation, when the subject is separated from the verb, is that we become distracted and mistakenly match the verb to the object of preposition that is right
next to it, instead of matching the verb to the faraway subject. When we do
this, we get disaster, as here, where the subject is ship but the writer matches
the verb to the object of preposition, vegetables:
The ship with the cargo of vegetables sail north.
This means the vegetables are sailing north! If the subject is plural, the verb
must be plural too:
ship sails
ships sail
The verb must ALWAYS agree with the
subject in number (singular or plural), period.
This is one of the most important rules in grammar; the problem is not just
that if your verb disagrees with your subject in number, you will be using bad
grammar. The problem is really that if you do that, no one will know what
you mean. Are you saying something about a boat, or about some boats? If
you have a subject/verb disagreement, no one will be able to tell. The solution
is simple: In every sentence, find the real subject and verb, match them, and
ignore everything in between. If possible, avoid putting anything between the
subject and verb; try to write so that the two are adjacent (side by side).
Grammar Voyage 115
FIND THE PHRASES
In the passage below there are twenty-two phrases. There are prepositional,
appositive, gerund, participial, and infinitive phrases. Can you find them all?
Find the twenty-two phrases and identify the type of phrase in each case.
Through the moonlight, a thousand miles from land,
------------------prepositional phrase----------------
------prep. phrase-----
the Mallorca, an aging two-master, slipped across the silent sea
--------------appositive phrase--------------
------------prepositional phrase-----------
on its night run to reach Portugal by Monday.
------prepositional phrase---- -----------infinitive phrase---------- -------prep. phrase----
Keeping the course was an easy thing for Korzenioski
-----------------gerund phrase---------------
----prepositional phrase---
because he had done it for thirty-one years, and soon he dozed.
-----------prepositional phrase-------
Sleeping peacefully, Korzenioski dreamed of ports to visit now,
----------------participial phrase----------
---prep. phrase-- --infinitive phrase--
if fate would give him a chance to see them all.
-------------inf. phrase------------
Five miles across the moonlit waves, a green light moved west.
------------------prepositional phrase----------------------
Completely cracked, Korzenioski’s propeller needed repair.
--------------participial phrase--------------
Michael Clay Thompson 116
He enjoyed sailing the boat in the moonlight.
-----------gerund phrase--------- -------prepositional phrase-------
Finding his maps, Korzenioski began to plot a course.
---------participial phrase---------
----------infinitive phrase--------
Avoiding the hurricane, he would sail south for a week.
------------------participial phrase----------------------
Grammar Voyage 117
----prep. phrase---
THREE-LEVEL ANALYSIS
As we become more aware of phrases, we admire what our minds do when
we use phrases because they give our ideas flexibility and creative potential. If
we lost the use of phrases, our language would be more primitive. Below each
of the following sentences, there are three lines: one for parts of speech, one
for parts of sentence, and a third for phrases. Study these sentences carefully
because they introduce you to three-level analysis.
Launching
the
lifeboat
n.
adj.
n.
-------------------------------------------subject---------------------------------------------------------------------gerund phrase--------------------------
was
easy.
v.
LVP
adj.
S.C.
Here we have a gerund phrase, Launching the lifeboat, used as the subject of the
linking verb predicate. Remember that a gerund is a noun made out of an -ing
verb. The predicate is was, a past tense linking verb, and this linking verb leads
to a subject complement, the adjective easy.
The
adj.
Franca C,
n.
subject
an
adj.
Italian
adj.
liner,
n.
arrived
v.
AVP
---------------appositive phrase------------
in
prep.
Santo Domingo.
n.
------------------prepositional phrase------------
This sentence shows us an appositive phrase, providing a quick interrupting
definition for the noun that precedes it. This is a graceful way to inform a
reader. The sentence has an action verb, arrived, but in this case there is no
direct object receiving the action. When there is no direct object after an action
verb, we call the verb intransitive; a transitive action verb is one in which the
action transits to a direct object. After the verb in this sentence, there is only a
prepositional phrase. The object of a preposition will never be the direct object
or subject complement. If it is an object of preposition, then that is all it is.
Michael Clay Thompson 118
Yes,
to be
interj.
frank,
adv.
I
adj.
am
pron.
subject
he.
v.
LVP
pron.
S.C.
-------------infinitive phrase-------------
Here we have an infinitive phrase acting as an adverb, modifying the present
tense linking verb am, which links the subject I to the subject complement he.
Notice that the subject complement must be a subject pronoun. A subject
complement structure is like an equation: I = he.
To leave
harbor
n.
n.
-----------------------subject---------------------------------------infinitive phrase----------------
in
this
prep.
adj.
storm
n.
is
unwise.
v.
LVP
adj.
S.C.
-----------prepositional phrase----------
This sentence uses an infinitive phrase as its subject, and the infinitive in turn
is modified by a prepositional phrase. We begin to realize that sentences often
are filled with phrases. It is not unusual for most of the words in a sentence
to be included in phrases.
Taking
the
wheel,
the
captain
impressed
the
seaman.
adj.
adj.
n.
adj.
n.
subject
v.
AVP
adj.
n.
D.O.
-------------------participial phrase-----------------
In this sentence a participial phrase modifies the subject. The participle is
Taking, and wheel is the object of the participle. This structure is called an
introductory participial phrase; it always modifies the subject, and it is set off
by a comma.
Hernandez
n.
subject
gave
Ramos,
v.
AVP
n
I.O.
his shipmate,
adj.
n.
-------appositive phrase----
a
adj.
map
n.
D.O.
to study.
adj.
---infinitive--
This is an interesting sentence. We have an indirect object in its predictable
place between the action verb gave and the direct object map, but the indirect
object is immediately followed by an interrupting appositive phrase. At the end
Grammar Voyage 119
of the sentence there is an infinitive acting as an adjective to modify the direct
object, but we would not say that it is an infinitive phrase because it has no
other words to accompany it.
Plotting the voyage
gave
n.
adj.
n.
----------------------------subject-----------------------------------------------gerund phrase---------------------
v.
AVP
the captain
adj.
n.
I.O.
pride.
n.
D.O.
In this sentence the gerund phrase Plotting the voyage serves as the subject of
the sentence. Because gerund phrases are nouns, it is common for them to be
subjects. In the phrase, the noun voyage is the object of the gerund Plotting.
The
ship
adj.
n.
subject
passing northward
adj.
adv.
left
a
v.
AVP
adj.
-------------participial phrase-------------
wake over the sea.
n.
D.O.
prep.
adj.
n.
--prepositional phrase--
Here is an interesting participial phrase, passing northward, modifying the noun/
subject ship. The participle is passing, made out of the progressive form of the verb
to pass. Notice that, like a gerund, a participle might end in -ing; the difference
is that a gerund always does, but a participle may have other endings, too.
When you see an -ing word in a sentence, you have to study the function
of the -ing word to see if it is a verb, a participle, or a gerund. This participial
phrase intervenes between the subject and its predicate left, which is an action
verb that transfers the action over to the direct object wake. The sentence
concludes with a prepositional phrase that acts adverbially, even though it
follows a noun. This is an interesting example of the fact that even though a
prepositional phrase must come right after a noun in order to modify it, it still
may modify something else.
Michael Clay Thompson 120
Here are some more examples of sentences that contain phrases. Study these
three-level analyses to understand how the sentences work.
Placating
the
angry captain
was
n.
adj.
adj.
n.
-----------------------------------------------------subj.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------gerund phrase----------------------------------
v.
LVP
not
adv.
easy.
adj.
S.C.
___________________________________________________________________
Retorting quickly, the seaman begged for another chance.
adj.
adv.
adj.
n.
subj.
v.
AVP
prep.
-------------participial phrase----------
adj.
n.
--------------prepositional phrase-------------
___________________________________________________________________
The crew always hated procuring supplies.
adj.
adv.
v.
AVP
n.
n.
--------------------------D.O.--------------------------------------------gerund phrase--------------------
___________________________________________________________________
His
adj.
n.
subj.
obsequious officer wished to gain promotion.
adj.
n.
subj.
v.
AVP
n.
n.
-----------------------------D.O.-------------------------------------------infinitive phrase----------------
___________________________________________________________________
Her response,
adj.
n.
subj.
a
adj.
sanguine reply, seemed benevolent.
adj.
n.
v.
LVP
adj.
S.C.
-----------------appositive phrase----------------
___________________________________________________________________
Mortifying his
adj.
adj.
few friends, Roberto was indolent.
adj.
n.
n.
subj.
---------------------------------participial phrase----------------------------------
v.
LVP
adj.
S.C.
___________________________________________________________________
Grammar Voyage 121
Grammar Voyage 133
LEVEL FOUR
CLAUSES
As you teach
Level Four, begin
each instructional
session with some
three-levels. Do not
worry if students
make mistakes at
first identifying the
phrases; these very
mistakes are the
experiences that
will enlighten the
concepts.
Michael Clay Thompson 134
S
P
THE BINARY NUCLEUS OF THOUGHT
First, we learned that the noun and verb are the two most important parts
of speech. Then we learned that the noun and verb become the subject and
predicate, the two most important parts of the sentence. Then we learned that
the noun/verb or subject/predicate pair is what may not be present in a phrase.
And now we see where it all leads because the noun and verb pair is the very
thing that must be present in every clause. The noun/verb pair is always the
key—in all four levels of grammar:
Main two parts of speech: noun and verb
Main two parts of sentence: subject and predicate
Two things never in a phrase: the subject with its predicate
Two things always in a clause: the subject with its predicate
Each group of words with a subject and predicate is called a clause. The English
word clause comes from the Latin word claudere, meaning to close; the idea here
is that the subject opens an idea, and the predicate closes it.
The affable sailor coiled the rope neatly.
This is a seven-word clause because it has a subject, the noun sailor, and a
predicate, the verb coiled. All of the other words are also part of the clause.
They go with their subject and predicate. Sometimes we connect one subject
and predicate to another subject and predicate to make a two-clause sentence.
Grammar Voyage 135
The affable sailor coiled the rope,
and he moved the anchor.
Each group of words with a subject and a predicate is a clause.
The affable sailor coiled the rope
is a clause, and
he moved the anchor.
is a clause. Each clause has its own subject and predicate. It is like two sentences
in one. In this sentence the coordinating conjunction and is not a part of either
clause; the conjunction is like glue.
Clauses can be independent, making sense by themselves, or dependent,
needing to connect to an independent clause in order to make sense. As we
will see, there are three kinds of dependent clauses.
When we put two clauses together with a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or,
nor, for, so, yet) to make a double sentence, this is called a compound sentence.
If the sentence has only one clause, it is called a simple sentence.
SIMPLE SENTENCE: One clause
The Russian freighter steamed out of the harbor.
The livid wound healed in a week.
The abject apology placated the captain.
The adjacent towns resented the harbor.
His imperious bearing offended the passengers.
The meteor made a transient appearance above the ship.
Silver’s eccentric language confused Jim Hawkins.
Michael Clay Thompson 136
COMPOUND SENTENCES
Compound sentences have two (or more)
independent clauses, joined either
by a comma and coordinating conjunction
or by a semicolon. They do not contain
dependent clauses.
Compound Sentences:
The freighter came to the pier,
and the tugboats returned to their docks.
The freighter came to the pier;
the tugboats returned to their docks.
The decision was irrevocable, and we stopped asking.
The event was transient; it never reoccurred.
His view was orthodox; he was the boss.
The ambiguous reply confused me, but it did not confuse her.
I left; his malevolence scared me.
Grammar Voyage 137
DEPENDENT CLAUSES, COMPLEX SENTENCES
But let us look at another possibility.
What if two clauses are not joined
by a coordinating conjunction,
but by a subordinating conjunction
(if, as, since, when, because, etc.)?
The captain laughed when the sailor fell overboard.
The first clause, The captain laughed,
makes sense by itself, but the second clause,
when the sailor fell overboard, does not make sense.
The subordinating conjunction when
really does subordinate the clause.
It makes the clause dependent.
Complex Sentences:
If the order is irrevocable, we will carry it out.
Since the storm passed, no ships have departed.
We were mortified when he insulted the captain.
Michael Clay Thompson 138
THREE KINDS OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES
adverb clause • adjective clause • noun clause
The dependent clauses we have seen
in these complex sentences are adverbial in effect.
They act like adverbs to modify the verbs
in the independent clauses.
There are also dependent clauses
that act like adjectives
and follow the nouns that they modify:
The captain who sold the boat left the harbor.
There are also dependent clauses
that act like nouns:
I know who broke the anchor.
In this sentence the dependent clause
who broke the anchor
acts as a noun/direct object.
Here is another noun clause:
Whoever defied the captain is a mutineer.
In this complex sentence, the noun clause
acts as the subject of the sentence.
Grammar Voyage 139
COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES
There is one more sentence structure to discuss.
What if a sentence has a compound structure
AND a complex structure in it?
Here is an easy example:
John sailed away, and we cried when he left.
---------independent clause-----------indep. clause-- -----dependent clause---------------------------------------compound structure-----------------------------------------------------complex structure--------------------
The first and second clauses make a compound,
and the second and third clauses make a complex.
We have two independent clauses followed by
a dependent clause. When a sentence contains
both kinds of structures, a compound and
a complex, we call it compound-complex.
Two independent clauses have to be adjacent,
or there is no compound.
Michael Clay Thompson 140
SENTENCE STRUCTURE REVIEW
Coordinating conjunctions
and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet
Subordinating conjunctions
if, as, since, when, because, ....
Clause
a group of words with a subject and predicate
Independent clauses make sense.
Dependent clauses are not complete thoughts.
Simple sentence
one independent clause
The liner steamed into port.
C2
Compound sentence
two (or more) independent clauses
The liner steamed into port, and the launch sped out to meet it.
The liner steamed into port; the launch sped out to meet it.
Complex sentence
one independent clause, one dependent
The liner steamed into port as the launch sped out to meet it.
As the launch sped out to meet it, the liner steamed into port.
C
7
Compound-Complex sentence
a compound AND a complex clause structure
A freighter arrived, and the tug hurried as the freighter entered port.
When the freighter arrived, the tug hurried, and the ship departed.
Grammar Voyage 141
PUNCTUATING CLAUSES
There are mandatory rules for punctuating clause structures.
Every sentence has one clause or more, so you
must know what clauses you are using when you write.
If I stands for independent clause,
and D stands for dependent clause,
and cc stands for coordinating conjunction,
then we can show sentence structure this way:
I,ccI
or
D,I or
I;I
ID
In other words, if you have a compound structure with an independent clause
joined to another independent clause, then you put a comma before the
coordinating conjunction that joins the two clauses. If there is no coordinating
conjunction, you must put a semicolon.
The harbor was quiet, and no ship moved.
The harbor was quiet; no ship moved.
We use a semicolon in a compound sentence in which the second clause begins
with a conjunctive adverb such as however:
9
The harbor was quiet; however, no ship moved.
C
If you have a complex structure, you separate the clauses with a comma if the
dependent clause comes first.
Michael Clay Thompson 142
Go back and review
the punctuation
rules for the first
three levels.
PUNCTUATING CLAUSES
For each sentence, circle the letter of every answer that is true. The complete
answer can be any combination, including all or none. Just because an answer
mentions an element of grammar, that does not mean that the element is really
in the sentence; you have to know that, just as you would in real life.
1. The captains behavior is eccentric and its a problem for us.
a. an apostrophe in the contraction d. an apostrophe in the possessive noun
b. a D,I complex sentence comma e. a comma after problem
c. an I,ccI compound sentence comma
2. As their latent anger increased the crew became indolent.
a. an I;I compound sentence semicolon d. a comma before the preposition
b. a D,I complex sentence comma e. a comma after became
c. a comma after anger
3. The effect of the storm was transient the harbor recovered quickly.
a. a D,I complex sentence comma d. a comma before quickly
b. an I,ccI compound sentence comma e. a comma after storm
c. an I;I compound sentence semicolon
4. The tumult increased when the captain sounded the alarm.
a. a D,I complex sentence comma d. a comma after captain
b. an ID complex sentence; no comma e. an I;I compound sentence comma
c. an I,ccI compound sentence comma
5. His solicitude for their comfort increased morale in the ship.
a. a D,I complex sentence comma d. an I;I compound sentence semicolon
b. an ID complex sentence; no comma e. a comma after comfort
c. an I,ccI compound sentence comma
Grammar Voyage 143
The purposes are
perfectly named.
The interrogative
sentences do
interrogate,
the imperative
sentences are
imperial, and so
forth.
FOUR SENTENCE PURPOSES
In addition to the four sentence structures
(simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex),
there are four sentence purposes.
DECLARATIVE SENTENCES
make declarations, statements.
The schooner sailed toward the sun.
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
make commands.
The subject you is often implied, not expressed.
Steer the schooner toward the sun.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
interrogate; they ask questions.
The subject often comes between verb and helping verb.
Did the schooner sail toward the sun?
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
exclaim and use exclamation points.
The schooner sailed toward the sun!
Notice that these are broad descriptions.
Some sentences seem to have two purposes.
Michael Clay Thompson 144