Download WHI.08: Islam and WHI.10: Africa

WHI.08: Islam and WHI.10: Africa
WHI.08 The student will demonstrate knowledge of Islamic civilization from about 600 to 1000 A.D. by
a) describing the origin, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Islam;
b) assessing the influence of geography on Islamic economic, social, and political development,
including the impact of conquest and trade;
c) identifying historical turning points that affected the spread and influence of Islamic civilization,
with emphasis on the Sunni-Shi’a division and the Battle of Tours;
d) citing cultural and scientific contributions and achievements of Islamic civilization.
WHI.10: The student will demonstrate knowledge of Africa by describing east African kingdoms of Axum and
Zimbabwe and west African civilizations of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in terms of geography, society,
economy, and religion.
Notes
WHI.08: Islam and WHI.10: Africa 133
Essential Understandings of WHI.08: Islam and WHI.10: Africa
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The revelations of Muhammad form the basis of the Islamic religion, a monotheistic faith.
Muhammad and his followers spread Islam.
Islamic traditions and customs developed over centuries and created a distinct Muslim culture.
In the first three centuries after Muhammad’s death, Muslim rule expanded rapidly, overcoming
geographic barriers, and facilitated by weakened political empires.
Political unity and the Arabic language facilitated trade and stimulated intellectual activity.
Major historical turning points marked the spread and influence of Islamic civilization.
Early Islamic civilization was characterized by achievements in science and the arts that transformed
the Islamic world and contributed to world civilization.
9. African civilizations developed in sub-Saharan west and east Africa.
10. Trade brought important economic, cultural, and religious influences to African civilizations from
other parts of the Eastern Hemisphere.
11. States and empires flourished in Africa during the medieval period, including Ghana, Mali, and Songhai
in west Africa, Axum in east Africa, and Zimbabwe in southern Africa.
Essential Questions about WHI.08: Islam and WHI.10: Africa
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Where did the Islamic religion originate? Where did it spread?
What are the beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam?
How did geography influence the rapid expansion of territory under Muslim rule?
How did political and cultural geography facilitate trade and cultural activity in the early Islamic lands?
What were some major historical turning points that marked the spread and influence of Islamic
civilization?
How did Islamic civilization preserve and extend ancient Greek, Persian, and Indian learning?
What were some contributions of Islamic civilization?
What were the characteristics of civilizations in sub-Saharan Africa during the medieval period?
Why do I need to know this?
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As the world’s fastest growing major religion, Islam has a strong impact on the lives of millions today.
Muslims’ influence on three continents produced cultural blending that has continued into the modern
world.
Many of the ideas developed during this time became the basis of today’s scientific and academic
disciplines
Ancient Aksum, which is now Ethiopia, is still a center of Eastern Christianity.
Migration continues to shape the modern world.
Due Date
Notes
Assignment
Points
Points Possible
WHI.08: Islam and WHI.10: Africa 134
The Rise of Islam
The Arabian
Peninsula
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Arabian Peninsula is a crossroads of trade for Asia, Africa and Europe
Bedouins – Arabian nomads who were organized into tribes and clans
city of Mecca became an important stop on one of these caravan routes
Ka’aba – simple house of worship in Mecca that was filled with many idols
a. associated with Abraham, a believer in one God
b. the Arabs called their God, Allah
The Prophet Muhammad
Early Life
1. born around 570 into a powerful Meccan clan; began working for Khadijah (a wealthy
businesswoman); married her when he was 25
Revelations
1. when Muhammad was 40 (610 A.D.), he had a revelation from the Angel Gabriel
a. told Muhammad that he was a messenger of God
2. Muhammad became convinced he was a prophet and the Allah was the one and
only God and all others must be abandoned
3. Islam – submission to the will of Allah
4. Muslim – one who submits
5. began preaching in Mecca
The Hijrah
1. facing hostility, Muhammad and a small band of supporters moved to Yathrib
a. the journey is called the Hijrah
b. Yathrib was renamed Medina – city of the Prophet
2. Muhammad was a great political, religious and military leader
Returning to
Mecca
1. many of the Bedouins converted
2. in 630, the Prophet returned to Mecca with 10,000 followers
a. the leaders of Mecca surrendered
3. Muhammad destroyed the idols in the Ka’aba
The Holy
Book
1. The Qur’an (Koran) – Muslim holy book; main teaching is there is only one God, Allah
Notes
WHI.08: Islam and WHI.10: Africa 135
Directions: Using what you learned about Islam, fill in the Venn Diagram showing the similarities
and differences between the basic beliefs of Jews, Christians, and Muslims.
Jews Believe:
Christians Believe:
All Believe:
Muslims Believe:
Notes
WHI.08: Islam and WHI.10: Africa 136
Beliefs and Practices of Islam
Five Pillars
1. Faith (Shahadah) – “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.”
2. Prayer (Salat) – five times a day facing Mecca
a. at a mosque (Islamic house of worship) or anywhere
3. Alms (Zakat) – giving money to the poor through a religious tax
4. Fasting (Sawm) – during the holy month of Ramadan, Muslims may not eat or drink
anything from sunrise to sunset
5. Pilgrimage (Hajj) – all Muslims must perform at least one pilgrimage to Mecca in their lifetime
Way of Life
1. forbidden to eat pork or drink alcohol
2. Friday afternoons are set aside for communal worship and prayer
Sources of
Authority
1. ultimate source of authority is Allah
2. expressed his will through the Angel Gabriel to Muhammad
3. the Qur’an is a collection of the revelations from Gabriel to Muhammad
a. written in Arabic and is the only true word of God
b. Muslims believe Muhammad’s mission was to receive the Qur’an and demonstrate how to
apply it in life
Links to
Judaism and
Christianity
1. Allah is the same God as the Christian and Jewish God
2. Muslims trace their origins back to Abraham through his son Ishmael, Christians and Jews trace their
origins back to Abraham through his son Isaac
3. Moses is a prophet for all 3 religions
4. Muslims view Jesus as a prophet, Jews view Jesus as a teacher, not the Son of God
5. the Qur’an is the word of God revealed to Muhammad, the Torah is the word of God revealed
to the Jews; Muslims believe the Qur’an perfects the earlier revelations of God and it’s the
final book, as Muhammad is the final prophet
6. law required Muslim leaders to extend religious tolerance to Christians and Jews
Notes
WHI.08: Islam and WHI.10: Africa 137
Byzantine Empire
Notes
Muslim World
WHI.08: Islam and WHI.10: Africa 138
Muhammad’s Successors
Rightly
Guided
Caliphs
1. when Muhammad died in 632, he had not appointed a successor
2. Muslim community elected Abu-Bakr as the first caliph
a. caliph – title that means successor or deputy
b. ordered the Qu’ran be written
b. Umar, Uthman and Ali were the other “Rightly Guided” Caliphs
3. used the Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions as guides to leadership
4. by 750, they had conquered over 6000 miles of land (2 times the size of the US)
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a. from India in parts of Asia, through the Middle East, across North Africa and into Spain
b. Muslim advance into Europe halted in France at the Battle of Tours
Reasons for
Success
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Treatment of
Conquered
Peoples
1. many conquered peoples chose to convert to Islam; attracted by the appeal of the message of Islam; also,
Muslims did not have to pay a poll tax
2. allowed conquered peoples to retain their own religion
a. Christians and Jews were given special treatment because they’re “people of the book”
b. required to pay a tax so they didn’t have to participate in the military
c. many served in the Muslim government
Muslims drew energy and inspiration from their faith
Muslim armies were well disciplined and expertly commanded
Byzantine and Persian Empires had been in conflict
Byzantine and Persian Empires persecuted those who didn’t practice the official religion of their empire
Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis
Umayyad
Dynasty
Notes
1. Uthman’s murder in 656 sparked a civil war
2. Ali, as Muhammad’s cousin, was the natural selection for Uthman’s successor
a. Muawiya a governor of Syria, challenged Ali’s succession
b. Ali was assassinated in 661
3. Umayyad family, under Muawiya, came to power
4. established a hereditary form of succession
5. moved the Muslim capital to Damascus; Arab Muslims thought it was too far away from Mecca
WHI.08: Islam and WHI.10: Africa 139
The Muslim World
Timeline
Directions: Using the pages indicated next to the dates on the timeline, fill in the important events that
trace the growth of Islam. Then pick one of the events and draw a picture to represent that event at the
bottom of the page.
630 (p. 235)
732 (p.240)
Notes
661 (p.239)
762 (p. 240)
WHI.08: Islam and WHI.10: Africa 140
Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis
Sunni-Shi’a
(Shiite) Split
Sunni
1. accepted the Umayyads’ rule
2. followers of Muhammad’s example
3. about 90% of Muslims today
Shi’a
1. resisted Umayyads and believed the caliph should be a relative of Muhammad
2. “party” of Ali
3. only about 10% of Muslims today
Sufi
1. mystical sect of Islam
2. pursued a life of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path
3. lots of meditation and chanting
Muslims Control Areas of Three Continents
Abbasid
Dynasty
1. overthrew the Umayyads in 750
2. moved the capital to Baghdad which is located on key trade routes
3. created a large organized government to run the affairs
a. taxed land, imports, and exports and non-Muslims’ wealth
Muslim Trade
Network
1. centered on two major sea-trading zones
a. Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean
2. the Muslim world was centered on the Silk Road too
3. had only one language (Arabic) and currency in the Muslim Empires
4. used letters of credit called sakks – today’s checks
Muslim Society
Rise of Urban
Centers
1. Damascus was the leading city until Baghdad was constructed
2. Baghdad was built in 762; population approached one million at its peak
Role of
Women
1. “Men are the managers of the affairs of women.”
2. Muslim women had more rights than European woman of the same time period
a. had access to education and could participate in public life
Notes
WHI.08: Islam and WHI.10: Africa 141
Notes
WHI.08: Islam and WHI.10: Africa 142
Muslim Scholarship Extends Knowledge
House of
Wisdom
1. opened by Caliph al-Ma’munin Baghdad in the early 800s
2. scholars of different cultures and beliefs translated ancient texts into Arabic
Medical
Advances
1. al-Razi was the greatest physician of the Muslim world
2. wrote the Comprehensive Book
Math and
Science
1. Muslims used scientific experiments to solve problems
a. Greeks used reason and logic
2. Al-Khwarizmi wrote a textbook explaining “the art of binging together unknowns to
match a known quantity”
a. called his technique al-jabr today called algebra
3. Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) wrote Optics
a. explained how people see
b. his studies in optics were used in developing lenses for telescopes and microscopes
4. adopted Indian numbers and helped invent the concept of zero
Philosophy
and Religion
1. Ibn-Rushd tried to blend Muslim and Greek philosophy
a. faced opposition
2. Moses Ben Maimon (Maimonides) – Jewish philosopher who wrote The Guide
of the Perplexed that blended philosophy, religion and science
Literature
1. Qur’an is the standard for all Arabic literature and poetry
Art and
Architecture
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pictures of living things was prohibited (considered idolatry)
many artists turned to calligraphy – art of beautiful handwriting
created mosaics like the Romans
the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem is said to be where Muhammad ascended into heaven
WHI.08: Islam and WHI.10: Africa 143
African Empires
Legend
Aksum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
Notes
WHI.08: Islam and WHI.10: Africa 144
East Africa
Axum
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located south of Kush on a plateau on the Red Sea, in modern Eritrea and Ethiopia
location made it an important trade center
Aksum reached its height under the strong ruler, Ezana
adopted Christianity in the 300s (the Ethiopian Orthodox Church still has over 22 million members)
Aksum lasted 800 years; fell to invaders Muslim invaders
West Africa (the Sahel)
Ghana
Mali
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grew rich and powerful by taxing the goods that traders carried through their territory
most important trade items were gold and salt
through trade, Ghana’s rulers converted to Islam
1076, Ghana was overrun
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began as a people under the control of Ghana
moved eastward when they found gold deposits
Mali’s rulers reestablished the gold-salt trade and converted to Islam
the leader Mansu Musa helped expand Mali to twice the size of Ghana
Timbuktu became one of the most important cities in the empire; it attracted
Muslim judges, doctors, religious leaders, and scholars to its mosques and universities
a. also key center of trade
Mali fell apart within 50 years of Mansu Musa’s death
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Songhai
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began as a group of people under the control of Mali
most important trade items were gold and salt
WHI.08: Islam and WHI.10: Africa 145
Summary
DIRECTIONS: Choose one of the following:
a) write a summary (25-75 words) of what you believe was the most important aspect of the notes/lecture
b) write what you believe to be the most interesting or memorable part of the notes/lecture (25-75 words)
c) draw something that symbolizes the notes/lecture to you (has to be different than your title page)
Notes
WHI.08: Islam and WHI.10: Africa 146