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MARINE SCIENCE SEMESTER I REVIEW OCEAN EXPLORATION 1. What are the duties and responsibilities of marine scientists from each of the branches of Oceanography? a. Geologists b. Biologists c. Physical Oceanographers d. Chemical Oceanographers 2. Explain the contributions to ocean exploration of the following ancient civilizations: Phoenicians Polynesians Greeks Vikings Chinese 3. What are the important elements in the design of a Polynesian Charts and what does each show? 4. Identify the scientific contributions to oceanography by various people including James Cook and John Harrison. 5. How did the studies performed by the H.M.S. Challenger expedition influence the field of Marine Science? 6. Compare and contrast climate and weather. 7. Describe pros and cons of the following technology a. SCUBA b. submersibles c. ROV d. AUV e. Aquarius reef base MARINE GEOLOGY 8. Describe Earth’s internal layers: crust Outer core Lithosphere Mantle Inner core Asthenosphere 9. Name the four major layers of the earth in order and describe each. 10. Compare and contrast the properties of continental and oceanic crust? 11. Who proposed the past existence of Pangaea and the theory of Continental Drift? 12. Describe the 6 pieces of evidence for the Theory of Continental Drift. a. b. c. d. e. f. 13. Explain why continental drift was not accepted at first. 14. Explain the theory of seafloor spreading 15. How did sonar contribute to discoveries about the ocean bottom? 16. Describe the evidence that supports the theory of seafloor spreading. 17. How did the Glomar Challenger contribute to the Theory of Seafloor Spreading? 18. Explain theory of plate tectonics. 19. Explain what happens at the following: divergent boundaries convergent boundaries transform plate boundaries 20. Draw and label the following ocean floor features and explain how each is formed: continental shelf continental slope seamount guyot mid‐ocean ridge rift valley abyssal plain trench 21. Draw and Label the following zones on a diagram below: photic, aphotic, pelagic, benthic, oceanic, neritic, intertidal (littoral), sublittoral, bathyal, abyssal, hadal. 22. Describe the abiotic characteristics of each zone. 23. List abiotic and biotic factors of hydrothermal vents. What makes that community unique? 24. Give the pros and cons to the following resources: a. fossil fuels b. methane hydrates c. manganese nodules d. sand 25. Describe the following types of sediment a. cosmogenous b. lithogenous c. hydrogenous d. biogenous 26. Explain why crude oil spills are less biologically damaging than refined oil spills. AQUARIUMS 27. What are the major filtration components when setting up a Marine Aquarium 28. What tool is used to measure the correct salinity of saltwater for the tank? 29. What is the most effective method for maintaining water quality in a saltwater aquarium? 30. Identify the safe level for each including: Ammonia Nitrite Nitrate pH Specific gravity Salinity 31. What is the most toxic substance that accumulates in an aquarium? 32. What is the function of the following bacteria in an aquarium? a. Nitrobacteria b. Nitrosomonas MARINE CHEMISTRY 33. Describe the following water properties and their effect on organisms. a. Cohesion b. adhesion c. Viscosity d. universal solvent e. Ice expansion f. surface tension 34. What factors affect the density of water? 35. Define the following: a. pycnocline b. halocline c. thermocline 36. What is desalinization? What are the pros and cons to it? 37. What is thermal expansion? How does it relate to climate change? 38. How do the oceans contribute to the hydrologic cycle? 39. Describe and diagram the carbon cycle. 40. What is ocean acidification? What is the effect of ocean acidification on living organisms? 41. Distinguish between parasitism, commensalisms and mutualism and give specific examples. 42. Discuss the worldwide distribution of corals. Where are they located and why? 43. Explain why corals more common on the western side of an ocean basin? 44. List the physical and chemical factors required for coral growth. 45. Describe the different reef formations.(Atoll, Fringing, Barrier) ESTUARIES 46. What is a watershed? How does a watershed impact an estuary? 47. What is an estuary? Where are they located and why are they important? 48. Describe the following: a. coastal plain estuary b. fjord estuary c. bar build estuary c. tectonic estuary d. highly stratified estuary e. slightly stratified estuary f. vertically stratified estuary g. salt wedge 49. Give examples of the Phylum Anthophyta. 50. Give examples of submergent and emergent marine plants. 51. Explain where euryhaline and stenohaline organisms are more likely to be found in an estuary. 52. Describe the physical and biological components of the following coastal ecosystems: Mangroves Salt marshes Seagrasses 53. Describe characteristics of the three different types of mangrove trees: Red Mangroves White Mangroves Black Mangroves 54. Draw and label a diagram showing the order you would find the three species of mangrove found in Florida. 55. Draw an estuarine food web and label the following trophic levels: decomposers, consumers, producers. 56. Using your food web, make an energy pyramid showing the amount of energy transferred to each trophic level. 57. Describe the different feeding techniques: a. suspension b. deposit c. filter feeder 58. What is the importance of detritus in an estuarine community? 59. Explain where you would find salt marshes versus mangroves. 60. How are the following impacting estuaries: a. dredging b. urbanization c. eutrophication d. oil and surface pollution