Download MARINE SCIENCE SEMESTER I REVIEW OCEAN EXPLORATION

MARINE SCIENCE SEMESTER I REVIEW
OCEAN EXPLORATION
1. What are the duties and responsibilities of marine scientists from each of the branches of Oceanography?
a. Geologists
b. Biologists
c. Physical Oceanographers
d. Chemical Oceanographers
2. Explain the contributions to ocean exploration of the following ancient civilizations:
Phoenicians
Polynesians
Greeks
Vikings
Chinese
3. What are the important elements in the design of a Polynesian Charts and what does each show?
4. Identify the scientific contributions to oceanography by various people including James Cook and John
Harrison.
5. How did the studies performed by the H.M.S. Challenger expedition influence the field of Marine Science?
6. Compare and contrast climate and weather.
7. Describe pros and cons of the following technology
a. SCUBA
b. submersibles
c. ROV
d. AUV
e. Aquarius reef base
MARINE GEOLOGY
8. Describe Earth’s internal layers:
crust
Outer core
Lithosphere
Mantle
Inner core
Asthenosphere
9. Name the four major layers of the earth in order and describe each.
10. Compare and contrast the properties of continental and oceanic crust?
11. Who proposed the past existence of Pangaea and the theory of Continental Drift?
12. Describe the 6 pieces of evidence for the Theory of Continental Drift.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
13. Explain why continental drift was not accepted at first.
14. Explain the theory of seafloor spreading
15. How did sonar contribute to discoveries about the ocean bottom?
16. Describe the evidence that supports the theory of seafloor spreading.
17. How did the Glomar Challenger contribute to the Theory of Seafloor Spreading?
18. Explain theory of plate tectonics.
19. Explain what happens at the following:
divergent
boundaries
convergent
boundaries
transform plate
boundaries
20. Draw and label the following ocean floor features and explain how each is formed:
continental shelf
continental slope
seamount
guyot
mid‐ocean ridge
rift valley
abyssal plain
trench
21. Draw and Label the following zones on a diagram below: photic, aphotic, pelagic, benthic, oceanic, neritic,
intertidal (littoral), sublittoral, bathyal, abyssal, hadal.
22. Describe the abiotic characteristics of each zone.
23. List abiotic and biotic factors of hydrothermal vents. What makes that community unique?
24. Give the pros and cons to the following resources:
a. fossil fuels
b. methane hydrates
c. manganese nodules
d. sand
25. Describe the following types of sediment
a. cosmogenous
b. lithogenous
c. hydrogenous
d. biogenous
26. Explain why crude oil spills are less biologically damaging than refined oil spills.
AQUARIUMS
27. What are the major filtration components when setting up a Marine Aquarium
28. What tool is used to measure the correct salinity of saltwater for the tank?
29. What is the most effective method for maintaining water quality in a saltwater aquarium?
30. Identify the safe level for each including:
Ammonia
Nitrite
Nitrate
pH
Specific
gravity
Salinity
31. What is the most toxic substance that accumulates in an aquarium?
32. What is the function of the following bacteria in an aquarium?
a. Nitrobacteria
b. Nitrosomonas
MARINE CHEMISTRY
33. Describe the following water properties and their effect on organisms.
a. Cohesion
b. adhesion
c. Viscosity
d. universal solvent
e. Ice expansion
f. surface tension
34. What factors affect the density of water?
35. Define the following:
a. pycnocline
b. halocline
c. thermocline
36. What is desalinization? What are the pros and cons to it?
37. What is thermal expansion? How does it relate to climate change?
38. How do the oceans contribute to the hydrologic cycle?
39. Describe and diagram the carbon cycle.
40. What is ocean acidification? What is the effect of ocean acidification on living organisms?
41. Distinguish between parasitism, commensalisms and mutualism and give specific examples.
42. Discuss the worldwide distribution of corals. Where are they located and why?
43. Explain why corals more common on the western side of an ocean basin?
44. List the physical and chemical factors required for coral growth.
45. Describe the different reef formations.(Atoll, Fringing, Barrier)
ESTUARIES
46. What is a watershed? How does a watershed impact an estuary?
47. What is an estuary? Where are they located and why are they important?
48. Describe the following:
a. coastal plain estuary
b. fjord estuary
c. bar build estuary
c. tectonic estuary
d. highly stratified estuary
e. slightly stratified estuary
f. vertically stratified estuary
g. salt wedge
49. Give examples of the Phylum Anthophyta.
50. Give examples of submergent and emergent marine plants.
51. Explain where euryhaline and stenohaline organisms are more likely to be found in an estuary.
52. Describe the physical and biological components of the following coastal ecosystems:
Mangroves
Salt marshes
Seagrasses
53. Describe characteristics of the three different types of mangrove trees:
Red Mangroves
White Mangroves
Black Mangroves
54. Draw and label a diagram showing the order you would find the three species of mangrove found in Florida.
55. Draw an estuarine food web and label the following trophic levels: decomposers, consumers, producers.
56. Using your food web, make an energy pyramid showing the amount of energy transferred to each trophic
level.
57. Describe the different feeding techniques:
a. suspension
b. deposit
c. filter feeder
58. What is the importance of detritus in an estuarine community?
59. Explain where you would find salt marshes versus mangroves.
60. How are the following impacting estuaries:
a. dredging
b. urbanization
c. eutrophication
d. oil and surface pollution