Download Biomolecules - Mercer Island School District

Proteins
Biomolecules
The Building Blocks of Life
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Biomolecules are ______________
1. Organic molecules that are __________
(at least 1 Carbon molecule and often chains
of Carbon)
They all contain__________________________
_______________________________________
.
Examples of organic molecules: _______
(CH4)_________(C6H12O6). What about CO2?
1. They make up living organisms
Chemistry of Living Things
Organic Compounds:
Molecules that are found in living things.
Organic compounds contain carbon.
Why Carbon?
With an atomic number of ____, carbon
has_____valence (outer) electrons, in the
2nd energy level which holds 8 electrons.
Because it needs to share ____ electrons to
be stable, it can form _______ with a wide
variety of elements and form complex
molecules.
Biomolecules
1. Basic Molecule: ________, ______________
(sugars), _______ (Fats), ______________
(DNA, RNA)
2. Macromolecule: _________ molecules
consisting of bonded smaller molecules. They
are also called _______________
(poly = many)
Ex: Starch is a macromolecule
Made of many glucoses bonded
Together.
Biomolecules
1. Subunits: The __________ molecules
that are the _________ _________ of
macro molecules
• __________ that make up starch or
cellulose
• _______ _______ that make up Proteins
• ________ _______ and ________make
up lipids
Carbohydrate
• Simple vs. Complex
sugars
• Simple sugars:
– Monosaccharide: “____
_______”
– We will focus on glucose:
________
– The basic __________
____________________
DRAW THIS MOLECULE
Of GLUCOSE:
C6H12O6
Simple Sugars:Carbohydrates
• Simple Sugars:
– ______________
– “Two” “Sugars”
– Examples:
-Sucrose (table sugar)=
Glucose + Fructose
– Maltose=
Glucose + Glucose
Complex sugars:
Polysaccharide
• “_____ ______” =Complex Sugar.
Starch : has _________ of glucoses (sugars)
bonded together.
• Cellulose: Makes up the _______ of plant cells.
Also made from glucose.
• Ruminants (cattle, sheep) can digest both
cellulose and glucose.
• Humans can digest starch, but not cellulose
WHY? _________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
Polysaccharides
• Glycogen: Animals ______ carbohydrates
(___________) in the form of glycogen; similar
in form to starch. Why?
• This is why…
–
–
–
Functions of simple and complex carbohydrates
Functions:
• Cells use carbohydrates as their _____________________
__________________________
•Simple sugars can _________________ be used by cells to
get the energy they need.
•Complex carbs need to be ___________________to be
absorbed and used. The slow breakdown allow organisms
to ___________________ use energy since it is stored in a
large structure. (like the Bank)
•Plants use ___________________ for their cell wall which
provides structure and support.
Proteins
• Made of ______
_____ Chains
• Amino Acids are
bonded through a
_________ bond
Each ball is
An Amino
Acid.
Bonded by
Peptide
Bonds
There are ____
Amino Acids
Protein Function
1.
Building material: ___________(collagen) _________,
___________ , ____________(keratin)
2. Enzymes: Help with ______________ in the cells and body
(catalyst)
3. Immunity: make up ____________
4. Other specific functions such as Hemoglobin:
carry_________ in red blood cells
•
Communication between cells: Receptors,
_____________________, cell recognition
Examples of Protein
Structures
The shape of protein is
important to its
_____________.
Enzyme: _________________
Structure
Enzymes are involved in nearly all metabolic
processes:
Digesting ____________________
Releasing energy
Synthesis ____________________
Example:
Pepsin is an enzyme in the stomach that
digests proteins into amino acids.
The 3-dimensional shape of a protein is
important for its __________________.
Under certain conditions, a protein may become ______________
and will not be able to perform its function. This unfolding of a
protein is called __________________.
Lipids (Fats)
• A common
lipid is made
of __ ______
_______
chains
connected to
a _______
Lipids (Fats)
• Glycerol: a type of ______. The ____ ______
of Fats.
• 3 Fatty acid chains: Long chains of __ & __
– Saturated=as many hydrogens bonded as possible
(________ at Room Temp.)
– Unsaturated= C and C bonds can be double which
decreases the amount of ________________
bonded and ____________ the chain (usually
_____________ at Room Temp.)
Lipids (Fats) Functions
• The main energy storing molecule in the body
because of the high _____________ of
__________ to ___________ bonds which
store more energy than other bonds
• Why are bonds important?
_____________________________________
• Lipids store more energy than any other
biomolecule
– ___ Cal/gram = lipids
– ___ Cal/gram = carbohydrates and proteins
Lipids (Fats) Functions
• _____ and _____
• Main molecule of the
________ _________
• Make up some
____________
(___________)
• __________ molecule
for energy
?Questions?
• What type of bond connects Amino Acids?
• What are common lipids composed of?
• What are three types of carbohydrates?
• What is the subunit for polysaccharides?
• What are the four types of elements that make
up biomolecules?
Nucleic Acids
• Composed of subunits called _____________.
• There are 2 Types of Nucleic Acids_______and
_________.
• Stores hereditary information in the cell by the
order of the bases ______________ .
Synthesis of Polymers:
Condensation Reactions
Many polymers are built by reactions called
__________________________. An _____
group from one subunit is linked with a
______ on the other subunit, forming
_________. The subunits are linked
covalently together.
When 2 amino acids are linked together by
a _________________reaction, the bond
is called a _______________.
Breaking down Polymers:
Hydrolysis Reactions
When sugars, proteins or lipids are broken
down into their subunits, the opposite
process occurs.
_________ is used in this process to
break apart the polymer, so it is called a
_____________ .
(_______= water
,_______= to break)
Energy Storage in Biomolecules
• Energy is stored in the bonds of
biomolecules
• Some bonds can store more energy than
others.
• For Biomolecules, carbon bonded to
carbon can store more energy than others.
• The higher the percentage of carbon to
carbon bonds, the more energy that can
be stored for the same amount.
Energy Storage
• Energy in biomolecules can be measured using
units of food calories.
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Energy Storage
For the same amount of each type of biomolecule
below, which one has the most energy? Why?
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Biomolecules and Energy
• Fats have 9 Calories per gram
• Proteins and Carbohydrates both have about 4
Calories per gram
• Fats can store more energy because of the large
percentage of carbon to carbon bonds.
Application Question
• Our bodies and many other organisms
store their long term excess energy as fat.
• What is the advantage of storing this
energy as fat instead of complex
carbohydrates?
Practice Questions
• Write the biomolecule (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic
acids) after the description of its function:
1. Help speed up reaction in cells by acting as enzymes
2. Provide insulation to our bodies
3. It is the main energy source for our cells
4. Stores genetic material to be passed onto new cells
5. It is used to make up cell walls in plants
6. It can store the most energy and is used for long term energy
storage in animals
7. Act as building and support molecules such as connective tissue
and hair.