Download The Second Triumvirate

Warm Up: Monday, September
• Happy Monday!
▫ (only one more till break)
• Warm Up:
▫ What did you like about the Caesar activity?
▫ Dislike?
▫ What would you do to make it better or change it
for next time?
The Second Triumvirate
Post- Caesar
• The death of Julius
Caesar plunged Rome
into a new round of
civil wars.
• Mark Antony,
Caesar’s chief general,
and Octavian,
Caesar’s
grandnephew, joined
forces to hunt down
the murderers.
The Second Triumvirate
43 B.C.
1.
2.
3.
•
•
Octavian (Caesar’s Heir and grandnephew)
Marc Antony (Caesar’s Lieutenant and ally)
Lepidus (powerful politician)
killed assassins and enemies of Caesar
Ends after Ten years in Jealousy and Power
struggle
▫ Octavian forces Lepidus to retire
▫ Octavian got the West, Antony the East
Antony v. Octavian
• Antony allied himself with Cleopatra VII, queen
of Egypt
▫ Fell in love with her
Antony & Cleopatra
• Battle of Actium (31 B.C.) in Greece
▫ Octavian smashes into Anthony/Cleopatra’s army
and navy
▫ Defeats them
• Antony and Cleopatra fled to Egypt- commit suicide
a year later
Octavian WINS!!!!
Florus, “Epitome of Roman History”
“Antonius was the first to seize the sword of a suicide; the queen,
casting herself at Caesar's feet, tried to attract his glances, but in
vain, for her beauty was unable to prevail over his self-control.
10 Her efforts were aimed not at saving her life, which was freely
offered to her, but at obtaining a portion of his kingdom. Despairing
of winning this from Caesar and perceiving that she was being
reserved to figure in his triumph, profiting by the carelessness of her
guard, she betook herself to the Mausoleum, as the royal sepulchre
is called. 11 There, having put on the elaborate raiment by the side of
her beloved Antonius in a coffin filled with rich perfumes, and
applying serpents to her veins thus passed into death as into a
sleep.”
The Battle for Power…
The Age of Augustus
Octavian, titled Caesar
Augustus, created a new
order that began the Roman
Empire
The Age of Augustus
• Octavian is 32 years old
▫ Stood supreme over the Roman world
• Civil wars ended
• Republic ended
• Names:
▫ Augustus- means “the revered one”
▫ Imperator- means “commander in chief”
• Ruled from period of 31 B.C to A.D. 14….how
many years?
Augustus Builds a Stable Government
• Augustus laid the foundation
for a stable government.
• He left the senate in place and
created an efficient, welltrained civil service to enforce
its laws.
• High-level jobs were open to
men of talent, regardless of
their class.
• He cemented the allegiance of
cities and provinces to Rome
by allowing them a large
amount of self-government
• Roman legions maintained and protected the roads, and
Roman fleets chased pirates from the seas.
• Trade flowed freely to and from distant lands.
• Egyptian farmers supplied Romans with grain. From other
parts of Africa came ivory and gold, as well as lions and
other wild animals to be used for public entertainment.
Economic Reforms
• ordered a census of the empire so there would be
records of all who should be taxed.
• He set up a postal service and issued new coins to
make trade easier.
• He put the jobless to work building roads and temples
and sent others to farm the land.
Augustus attempts Germany
• Tries to conquer Germany=fails
▫ 3 legions of Romans were massacred by Germans
▫ Taught him his power was not unlimited
▫ This knowledge devastated him
• Dies in A.D. 14
Roman Emperors
Roman Empire
(Early empire = A.D. 14 to 180)
• First four emperors were from Julian bloodline
= Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero- known as more
corrupt
• Less corrupt emperors = Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian,
Antonius Pius, & Marcus Aurelius (last emperor of Pax
Romana)
Caligula
Nero
The Most Infamous Julian Emperors
• Caligula = killed his father.
▫ Illness transformed him from a popular emperor
to an evil tyrant.
▫ Roman guards tried to kill his entire family after
his assassination
▫ Appointed his horse as counsel
Nero
• Nero = very evil
• killed anyone in his way
including mother and wife
▫ legions finally revolted against
him and he committed suicide
• Nero viciously persecuted
Christians
• Was blamed for setting a great
fire that destroyed much of
Rome.
Nero’s Madness
• Nero's madness is
only too apparent as
he addresses the
assembly to
announce his
intentions to defeat
the rebels by singing
to them
The madness of Nero
Nero and the Beginning of the End
Nero’s Death
• He eventually
committed suicide
after legions of armies
went against him
• Uttered these last
words: “What an artist
this world is losing in
me”
• After his death, a Civil
War broke out in A.D.
69.
• No system for
selecting emperors= a
huge problem
The Five Good Emperors
• Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, Marcus
Aurelius
• Concluded the period known as the “Pax
Romana”
▫ Definition: Roman Peace
▫ Lasted almost 200 years
▫ (27 B.C.-A.D.180)
What they did…
• Treated ruling classes with
respect
• Maintained peace in the
empire
• Supported policies that were
helpful to the empire
• Known for their tolerance
Create the Coliseum
Good things
• New Social programs
▫ Trajan provided state
funds for poor
parents to assist
raising and educating
their children
• Building public
works- aqueducts,
bridges, roads, and
harbor facilities
The Empire Expands
The Height of the Roman Empire
• 3.5 million square miles
• Population of more than 50 million
Cities in the Roman Empire
• By 212 A.D., all free people in Roman Empire
were given citizenship
• Roman plan of cities: not very big cities
▫ but important for spread of Roman law, culture
and language
▫ Latin-West
▫ Greek- East
• Greco-Roman civilization
Economy and Society
• High levels of trade
▫ The Silk Road
▫ Grain from Egypt
▫ Luxury items from all
over
• Farming was the chief
occupation
Gap between Rich & Poor
• Upper classes lived in
great luxury in their
villas and estates
▫ Small farmers became
dependent on them
• Poor people in cities
worked in shops and
markets
• Unemployed people
depended on grain
rations from the
emperor to survive