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GENERAL STUDY MATERIAL ALL LEVELS The information in this guide will help prepare both the new member's and the seniors member on the important items we need to know . It was written to help new comes get introduced to terns and knowledge they will need to further their positions in the amusement trade and older member to refresh their knowledge and update their information of changes that were made to what they were taught in the past. IT IS NOT AN ANSWER GUIDE TO THE TEST. Joseph J. Pandolfo Operation English + plus, or addition - minus or subtraction X / or * times, or multiply by over, divided by, division by ADD SUBTRACT Put in first # Hit the + key Put in Second # Put in first # Hit the + key Put in Second # REPEAT FOR ALL #’S BEING ADDED REPEAT FOR ALL #’S BEING ADDED Hit = key Get answer Hit = key Get answer MULTIPLIE Put in first # Hit the X or * key Put in Second # REPEAT FOR ALL #’S BEING MULTIPLIED Hit = key Get answer DIVIDE Put in first # Hit the ÷ key Put in Second # REPEAT FOR ALL #’S BEING DIVIDED Hit = key Get answer ADD/DECIEL Put in first # [00.00] Put in first # [00.00] REMEMBER TO INSERT THE . Hit + key Put in Second [0.00] REMEMBER TO PUT IN Do for all # being added Hit = key Get answer SUBTRACT DECIEL . REMEMBER TO INSERT THE . Hit - key Put in Second [0.00] REMEMBER TO PUT IN Do for all # being added Hit = key Get answer . MULTIPLIE DECIEL PUT IN first # CONVERSIONS CHART [000.000] remember to insert the . Hit X or * key remember to insert the . PUT IN Second # [00.0] repeat for all #’s being multiplied Hit = key Get answer INCHES TO MILLIMETERS INCHES TO CENTIMETERS Convert the millimeter measurement to inches by dividing the millimeter figure by 25.4. For instance if the measured is 40 mm you will divide this by 25.4. eg. 40mm ÷25.4=1.574 Convert the centimeter measurement to inches by dividing the centimeter figure by 2.54. For instance if the measured is 40 mm you will divide this by 2.54. eg. 40mm ÷2.54=15.74 CENTIMETER TO INCHES MILLIMETER TO INCHES Convert the centimeter measurement to inches by multiply the centimeter figure by .0394. For instance if the measure is 250 Mm. you will multiply this by .0394. Eg. 250 Mm x .0394 = 9.84 inches .84 = 84/100 =42/50=21/25” Convert the millimeter measurement to inches by multiply the millimeter figure by .0394. For instance if the measure is 250 Cm you will multiply this by .0394. Eg. 250 Cm x .0394 = 9.84 inches .84 inches = 84/100 =42/50=21/25” FEET TO METERS Convert the length[feet]measurement to meters by multiplying the length by .3048. For instance if the length is 50’ you will multiply this by .3048. eg. 50’ x .3048 = 15.29 meters METERS TO FEET Convert the length [meters]measurement to meters by multiplying the length by 3.281. For instance if the length is 50’ you will multiply this by 3.281. eg. 50 meters x 3.281 = 164.05 feet POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS KILOGRAMS TO POUNDS Convert the pounds measurement to kilograms by multiplying the weight by 2.205. Convert the pounds measurement to kilograms by multiplying the weight by .45359. For instance if the measured is 50 lbs. you will multiply this by .45359. eg. 50lbs. x .45359 = 22.67 kilograms For instance if the measured is 50 KG you will multiply this by 2.205. eg. 50KG x 2.205 = 110.25 LITERS TO GALLONS GALLONS TO LITERS Convert the Liters measurement to Gallons by multiplying the weight by 0.2642. Convert the gallon measurement to liters by multiplying the volume by 3.78. For instance if the liters are 50 [L] you will multiply this by 0.2642. For instance if the gallons are 5 gallons you will multiply this by 3.78 eg. 60[L] x 0.2642 = 15.852 eg. 5gallon x 3.78= 18.927 Whole numbers refer to complete Subtraction is the process of finding units with no fractional parts. the difference between two Place the numbers in a column numbers. Place the smaller number under the larger number, and add the units, starting from keeping the right-hand column even the right-hand column. (or justified) as in the examples below. Example: Add the following: 12 + 1 + 25 Place Value + tens 1 2 3 Answer = 38 ones 2 1 5 8 Multiplication is a simplified way of adding the same number many times. Place Value ten - thousands × tens ones 1 0 4 4 0 hundreds 5 × 4 4 Place Value thousands 1 3 5 6 6 3 tens 4 8 3 8 1 ones 6 3 8 8 Division is a simplified method of subtracting one number from a larger number many times. The number to be divided (dividend) is placed inside the division frame. The divisor is to the left, and the answer (quotient) is above the frame. QUOTIENT DIVISOR DIVIDEND To divide 1035 by 23 follows the sequence DMSB: Divide , Multiply, Subtract, and Bring down ONE number. Example : 4 23 1035 92 4 23 1035 45 23 1035 92 11 Numerator: The top number of a fraction, the number above the Denominator: Proper fraction: 92 115 115 bar. The bottom number of a fraction, the number below The type of fractions you are most likely to see: 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 7/8, 4/5. The numerator is smaller than the denominator. Improper fraction: Fractions in which the numerator is bigger than the denominator. 5/4, 8/7, 3/2. Mixed number: A “mixture” of a whole number and a proper fraction: 2½, 3½, 4⅞. the bar. Reducing a Fraction: Unless otherwise stated, all fractions should be reduced to lowest terms. You reduce fractions by dividing both the numerator and the denominator by the same number that is common to both. This is repeated until the fraction can no longer be reduced. Example: 4 10 4 ÷ 2 = 2 10 ÷ 2 = 5 Answer: 2 5 Changing Improper Fractions into Mixed Numbers Example: Step 1. Divide the numerator (7) by the denominator (3). Step 2. Place the remainder alongside the quotient and over the divisor (3) = 1/3 1 3 Step 3. Reduce the fraction if necessary. (Reducing is not necessary for 1/3.) Answer: 1 2 3 Changing Example: 5 Mixed Numbers into Improper Fractions 2 3 Step 1. Multiply the whole number (5) by the denominator (3). Step 2. Add the result (15) to the original numerator (2). Answer: This is an improper fraction. 15 + 2 3 5× 3 + 2 3 17 3 Adding Common Fractions The two parts of a fraction are the numerator (above the line) and denominator (below the line). NUMERATOR DENOMINATOR To add or subtract fractions, you must first find the least common denominator (LCD). The least common denominator is the smallest number that all of the denominators will divide into. 3 1 1 5 + + + 2 8 16 64 LCD is 64 • Decimals are much easier to use than • Most automotive measurements are in the thousandths. • A decimal is a unit of measurement that mean less than one. – 0.005 means five-thousandths. – 0.005 would be written as functional measurements. 5 1000 To change a fraction into a decimal, divide the top number (numerator) by the bottom number (denominator): Example: .75 3 is 4 3.00 4 2.8 20 20 • Place the numbers to be added under each other so that the decimal points line up. • Add as you would with whole numbers, and drop the decimal point into the answer, directly in line with the other decimal points. • Recall the place values for numbers on both sides of a decimal point. Place Value thousands • • • • hundreds tens ones • tenths hundredths thousandths Place the smaller number under the larger number. Keep the decimal points in line. Subtract as you would with whole numbers. Drop the decimal point in the answer directly below the others. • Multiply the numbers as if they were whole numbers. Pretend the decimal points do not exist. • Count the total number of places to the right of the decimal point. • Place a decimal point exactly the same number of places to the left of the last digit. Example: 6.37 × 2 1274 1274 12.74 • Made the divisor a whole number by moving the decimal point all the way to the right. • Move the decimal point in the dividend to the right the same number of places. • After the dividing is completed, move the decimal point straight up from the dividend and into the quotient. Example: 6.4 86.40 64. 864.0 13.5 64 864.0 64 224 192 320 320 To change a fraction to a decimal, divide the numerator by the denominator. Examples: Example: 11 16 Reduce the fraction to lowest terms. .6875 16 11.0000 96 140 128 120 112 80 80 Answer : .6875 5 1 .5 = = 10 2 375 75 3 .375 = = = 1000 200 8 6875 1375 275 11 .6875 = = = = 1000 2000 400 16 Table of English linear measurement, also known as a conversion table. 1 foot = 12 inches 1 yard = 3 feet 1 yard = 36 inches 1 mile = 5,280 feet 1 mile = 1,760 yards FLUID VOLUME OUNCES CUP [ 8 ounces] PINT [ 2 cups / 16 ounces] QUART [2 pints /4 cups /32 ounces] GALLON [4 quarts /8 pints /16 cups /128 ounces] • The metric system is used on all automobiles produced today. A mechanic must be able to measure in metric as well as the English system. In the center of the spectrum is unit. Units in the metric system are meters, grams, and liters. The following conversion table can be used to convert from the metric system to the English system, or to convert from English to metric. Table of Linear Equivalents 1 inch 1 inch 1 inch 1 inch = = = = 0.0254 meter 0.254 decimeter 2.54 centimeters 25.40 millimeter 1 meter = 39.37 inches 1 decimeter = 3.937 inches 1 centimeter = 0.394 inch 1 millimeter = 0.03937 inch 1 foot = 0.3048 meter 1 yard = 0.9144 meter On this scale, the numbered divisions are centimeters (cm). The unnumbered divisions are millimeters (mm). Ten millimeters equal one centimeter. 3/4 inch 1 1/4 inches 1 7/8 inches 2 5/8 inches 3 1/8 inche 3 3/8 inches 4 1/8 inches 4 1/2 inches 5 7/8 inches TABLES HELP • • • Area is surface measurement that has length and width or length and height but no thickness. Usually found by multiplying length by width or height. The answer is expressed in square units. Change both measurements to the same linear units before multiplying. Example: Area = length × width A = 3” × 2” A = 6 square inches Example: Volume = length × height × width V = 3” × 2” × 2” V = 12 cubic inches Mechanical Relationships types of circuit SERIES CIRCUITS There are two types of electrical circuits; PARALLEL CIRCUITS To remember parallel think of the 2 LL in the word running next to each other Z 0.2 A X 0.2 A Y 0.2 A Current at X Current at Y Current at Z 0.2 A 0.2 A 0.2 A In a series circuit the current is the same at all points in the circuit. Z 0.4 A A 0.2 0.2 A Current at X Current at Y Current at Z 0.2 A 0.2 A 0.4 A X Y In a parallel circuit the current taken from the battery equals the sum of the currents through the two bulbs Wiring color code US What is a phase ? » • • • • • Neutral Ground Hot Hot Hot 120 240 WHITE GREEN/BARE COPPER BLACK RED Wiring color code EU • • • • • Neutral Ground Hot Hot Hot BROWN BLACK RED BLUE GREEN/YELLOW 3 phase BLUE Examples of Table 400-5 (A) 1. A flexible cord is labeled 4/5 SJO. This indicates that there are a total of 5 conductors in the cable and the size of each conductor would be no. 4 AWG copper . In this cable there are 3 current carrying conductors, a neutral conductor, and equipment-grounding conductor. 2. A 6/4 SO flexible cord has 4 no.6 AWG conductors (2 current carrying, 1 neutral, 1equipment ground) S = Severe Service Cord - 600 volts O = Oil Resistant Outer Jacket Material J = Junior Severe Service - 300 volts OO = Oil Resistant Outer Jacket and Oil Resistant Insulation W = CSA Weather and Water Resistant Flexible Portable Cord (Portable Power Cables/ SO Cord / SJ Cord / SOW Cord / Hard Usage Cord) TYPE 4 / 5 SJO 4 = the WIRE SIZE 5 = the # OF WIRE SJO = severe service, junior[300v],oil resistant Commonly used designations for flexible cable power cord include : S = Stranded (or Hard Service Cord) (600 Volt Cords) J = Junior Service Cord (300 Volts) E = Elastomer OO = Oil Resistant inside insulation and outside jacket W = Weather/Water resistant • Current has the symbol I and is measured in amps (A) • Resistance has the symbol R ) and is measured in ohms (Ω • Voltage has the symbol V and is measured in volts(V) • Current is measured with an ammeter in series. • Voltage is measured with a voltmeter in parallel. If You know that P = 100 W, and V = 6 V. you can rearrange the equation to solve for I and substitute in the numbers. I = P/V = 100 W / 6 V = 16.66 amps What would happen if you use a 12-volt battery and a 12-volt light bulb to get 100 watts of power? 100 W / 12 V = 8.33 amps Ohm’s law is expressed in three statements: 1. 2. 3. If voltage is increased, current flow is increased. If voltage is decreased, current flow is decreased. If resistance is increased, current flow is decreased. The formula can be written in three ways: E = I×R where: E = voltage (electromotive force) I = current in amperes (inductance) R = resistance in ohms E I= R E R= I The Generator • • • A) Each generator must have an affixed nameplate giving the manufacturer’s name, rated frequency, power factor, number of phases, rating in amperes, and normal voltage. Art 445-3 B) Each generator must have one main circuit breaker or fused main disconnect which disconnects all electricity from the generator. Art 445-4(a) & 445-10 C)All wiring must be enclosed at the generator. Covers must be installed on all electrical enclosures, panel boards, etc., to eliminate inadvertent contact with electrical components. Art 445-6, 250-62(a) &(b), 430-133 Equipment ground (green) is bonded to ground rod wire to make overcurrent device operate properly. Generators to have ground rods Neutral and ground bond together at generator GENERATOR 8’ rods 6’ apart Connected in series •8’ ground rods •Not greater than. 45 degree angle •8’ ground rods •Buried 2 ½ ‘ deep •Plate electrodes •2 square feet surface area •Buried 2 ½ feet deep 525.11 Where multiple sources supply rides or attractions within 12’ of each other they must be bonded to the same grounding electrodes 525.21Disconnecting means. Located within sight or 6 feet of the operator’s station. If accessible to public must be locking. 525.30 bonding. All metal parts connected to same source shall be bonded. 525.31 Equipment Grounding. All equipment must be grounded as per 250.118 all grounds shall be bonded to the system grounded conductor at service disconnect or the generators. 525.32 Grounding Continuity Assurance. Shall be verified each time equipment is connected. Installed not great than a 45 % angle into ground 8 foots buried on the flat must be 2 feet 6 inch deep [ 30”] Plate must be 2 feet square and 30 inch deep Multiple power sources within 12 feet of each other must be bonded together at same rod Ground rods-must be at least 8ft long Ground rods 25 ohms or less –6ft apart Connected in series A-water pipe clamp B-rod clamp Overhead conductors must have a 15 foot clearance from amusements attractions Can not be located under or within 15 feet horizontally of conductors of 600 volts or more. Conductor must be 10 feet or above grade Conductor must be 12 feet or above property and driveways 18 feet for public streets and areas Overhead Conductor Clearances • 10 ft. above finished grade, sidewalks, platforms, or projections from which they might be accessible to pedestrians for 120VFor overhead conductors installed outside tents and concession areas, the vertical clearance requirements of 225.18 apply [525.5(A)] (Figure 525-2). The minimums are:, 120/208V, 120/240V, or 240V circuits. Overhead Conductor Clearances Amusement rides or attractions shall not be located under or within 15’ horizontally of conductors operating in excess of 600 volts Overhead Conductor Clearances Overhead conductors must have a clearance of 15 ft. from amusement rides and attractions (except, of course, for the conductors that supply power to the ride or attraction) [525.5(B)]. 600 Volts or less First connected - Last to disconnect • • • • Blue = hot Red = hot Black = hot White = neutral • Green = ground Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter Protection [ GFCI ] A GFCI constantly monitors the electrical current passing through a circuit. If the amount of current passing into the circuit is different from the current being returned to the circuit, it indicates a ground fault and the GFCI shuts off electrical current to the circuit. Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter (AFCI) is a specific duplex receptacle or circuit breaker designed to help prevent fires by detecting an unintended electrical arc and disconnecting the power before the arc starts a fire. LOCK-OUT TAG – OUT The life you save may be your own! • Refers to specific practices and procedures to safeguard employees from the unexpected energization or startup of machinery and equipment, or the release of hazardous energy during service or maintenance activities. Rides General Requirements • Rides, attractions and related item that are required to be level must be properly blocked and maintained to insure safety Blocking Blocking is the ride’s foundation Concrete blocks are not acceptable blocking Blocking must be wider than the ride’s mud sill or landing gear Blocking must be wider than it is high Blocking must be in good condition BLOCKING Blocking height should not exceed the width of the base WIRE ROPE • Birdcage Usually caused by sudden release of load Wire Rope Failure • • • • • • Incorrect size, construction, or grade Dragging over obstacles Improper lubrication Operating over sheaves or drums of improper size or improperly fitted groves Jumping off sheaves Subjecting to severe or continuing overload Criteria • • • • • • A) general condition B) More than 1 valley break in a lay C) abrasion or peening causing loss of outside diameter D) deterioration from corrosion E) severe kinking F) heat damage FASTENERS • • Threaded fasteners make use of the wedging action of the screw thread to clamp parts together. To achieve maximum strength , a threaded fastener should screw into its mating part at least a distance equal to 1 ½ times the thread diameter. BOLT • A bolt is the term used for a threaded fastener, with a head, designed to be used in conjunction with a nut. UNC Unified National Coarse (UNC) is a thread form with a 60 degree flank angle rounded roots and flat crests. For a given diameter it has a larger thread pitch than an equivalent diameter UNF thread. UNF Unified National Fine (UNF) is a thread form with a 60 degree flank angle rounded roots and flat crests. For a given diameter it has a smaller thread pitch than an equivalent diameter UNC thread. GRADE OF BOLTS US GRADE MARKING ON BOLT HEAD + 2 6 MARKS + 2 = GRADE 8 ANTI-SEIZE COMPOUND • An anti-seize compound is used on the threads of fasteners in some applications. The purpose of the compound depends upon the application. It can prevent galling of mating surfaces - such compounds are frequently used with stainless steel fasteners to prevent this effect from occurring. In some applications it is used to improve corrosion resistance to allow the parts to be subsequently dis-assembled Thirdly, it can provide a barrier to water penetration since the threads are sealed by use of the compound. STRUCTURAL BOLT A structural bolt is a heavy hexagon head bolt having a controlled thread length intended for use in structural connections and assembly of such structures as buildings and bridges. The controlled thread length is to enable the thread to stop before the joint ply interface to improve the fastener's direct shear performance. This term is used in civil and structural engineering but is not frequently used in mechanical engineering. THREADLOCKER • Can be a term used for a number of vibration resistant products but is now usually reserved for threadlocking adhesives. Specifically, a liquid anaerobic adhesive applied to nut or bolt thread, once hardened it fills the inner spaces between the threads to produce a solid plastic of a known shear strength. Torque A bolt that has been over tightened can be just as lethal as one that hasn't been tightened enough Identical bolts, when tightened to identical torque values, will vary substantially in their actual tensions (typically plus or minus 25%, and not uncommonly plus or minus 50%). Why? Because 85% of your torque is consumed by friction. Dirt on threads; Texture of surface; Lubricants or Adhesives (lock tite) • A rotational moment; it is a measure of how much twisting is applied to a fastener. The units used to measure torque are in the form of force times length. Usually measured in newton-metres (Nm) if metric units are used or pounds feet (lb-ft) when imperial units are used. • A manual wrench which incorporates a gauge or other method to indicate the amount of torque transferred to the nut or bolt. BOLT TORQUE FACTORS LUBRICANT OR PLATINGTORQUE CHANGES • • • • Oil Dry Film (Teflon or moly based) Dry Wax (Cetyl alcohol) Chrome plating Cadmium plating Reduce torque 15% to 25% Reduce torque 50% Reduce torque 50% No change Reduce torque 25% • Zinc plating Reduce torque 15% • R clips must be • the right size for the job • • They must not be bent out of shape • • They must still have the proper tension • • They must be properly installed Fasteners GLOSSARY OF TERMS ASTM AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS (CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL SPECIFICATIONS) ANSI AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE ( DIMENSIONAL SPECIFICATIONS) Welding processes • SMAW………Shielded Metal Arc Welding (stick) • SAW…………Submerged Arc Welding • GTAW……….Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (TIG) • GMAW………Gas Metal Arc Welding (MIG) • FCAW……….Flux Core Arc Welding Discontinuities Porosity Incomplete Fusion Undercut Underfill Incomplete Joint Penetration Overlap Non-Destructive Testing In general, the purpose of NDT will fall into one of the following categories: 1. Determination of material properties 2. Detection, characterization, location and sizing of discontinuities/defects 3. Determining quality of manufacture or fabrication of a component/structure 4. Checking for deterioration after a period of service for a component/structure Magnetic Particle (MT) This method is used to detect surface defects and subsurface indications no more than ¼” below the surface Magnetic fields are induced at the location.(either longitudinal or circular) The area is dusted with metal or iron particles. Magnetic yoke is used for surface detection Rectified current has subsurface capabilities. Ultrasonic (UT) Used for subsurface flaws. Commonly used on shafts A transducer produces sound waves which are sent through the test part When properly calibrated to the material tested the ultrasonic echo will show the presence of an indication and even its location within the part. Requires knowledge of the part, location of keyways, steps etc. Blueprints of part should be available. This method uses short light waves or radiation waves. A photographic image is produced by passing x-rays, gamma rays, and/or electrons through the test object onto a film .More light passes through the flaw and creates a darker spot on the film Visual and Optical Testing (VT) The most basic NDT method is visual examination. Visual examiners follow procedures that range from simply looking at a part to see if surface imperfections are visible, to using computer controlled camera systems to automatically recognize and measure features of a component Penetrate Testing (PT) The test object is coated with a solution that contains a visible or fluorescent dye. Excess solution is then removed from the surface of the object but leaving it in surface breaking defects. A developer is then applied to draw the penetrate out of the defects. With fluorescent dyes,ultraviolet light is used to make the bleed out fluoresce brightly, thus allowing imperfections to be readily seen .With visible dyes, vivid color contrasts between the penetrate and developer make "bleed out" easy to see. The red indications below represent a number of defects in this component. What is dwell time?????? Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) BETWEEN 5 AND 20 MINS. This NDT method is accomplished by inducing a magnetic field in a ferromagnetic material and then dusting the surface with iron particles (either dry or suspended in liquid). Surface and near-surface flaws produce magnetic poles or distort the magnetic field in such a way that the iron particles are attracted and concentrated. This produces a visible indication of defect on the surface of the material. Hydraulics The science dealing with the transmission of force through the medium of a contained fluid. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE A pressure relief valve is a safety device and is required on all hydraulic systems. Once adjusted,the pressure relief valve opens whenever the pressure goes beyond the value set and allows oil to flow back to the reservoir. Hydraulic Tank (fluid reservoir) ACCUMULATORS An accumulator is used to store hydraulic oil, under pressure, to pressurize the system while the pump is unloaded. This oil is also used to supplement the power pump output during times of heavy use or for limited operations when the pump is not working. Accumulators also dampen surges within the hydraulic system. HYDRAULIC MOTORS Hydraulic motors are another important piece of the hydraulic system. However, instead of a cylinder (force moving linear) the motor uses hydraulic pressure to rotate. when it's operated oil enters the motor and turns the shaft. The speed of a hydraulic motor is dependent on the amount of oil supplied by the pump and the torque is dependent on the amount of pressure supplied. Hydraulic Actuators A hydraulic actuator receives pressure energy and converts it to mechanical force and motion. An actuator can be linear or rotary. A linear actuator gives force and motion outputs in a straight line. It is more commonly called a cylinder but is also referred to as a ram, reciprocating motor, or linear motor. A rotary actuator produces torque and rotating motion. It is more commonly called a hydraulic motor or motor. Pneumatic Cylinder relating to, or using air. Moved by air pressure. Filled with compressed air. Control valve A valve that controls the flow in air lines. Air receiver A receptacle which serves to store compressed air for heavy demands in excess of compressor capacity Filter or Strainer Fencing • Per ASTM F 2291-04 • Shall be at least 42” above the surface • Shall be constructed to reject a 4” ball at all openings. • Shall be designed to inhibit overturning by spectators Stairs 42” above the tread nose Handrails 34” – 38” above the tread nose Gates • Shall open away from the ride or device unless equipped with a positive lock device • Shall be designed so that if opened will not contact the device or passengers TERMS YOU NEED TO KNOW The following pages are terms you will need to know. Terms are best learned by reading them over and over very time you pick up this guide. DONOT try to learn them in one reading you will get angry and mix up the information . When reviewing the terms pay attention to the acronyms . I.e. A.S.T.M. American Society for Testing Materials Joe P. • • • • • • • • • • • DIODE ALLOWS CURRENT TO FLOW IN ONE DIRECTION RECTIFIER CONVERTS AC TO DC FUSE USED TO PROTECT WIRING CONTACTOR IS A CONTROLL SWITCH/RELAY USED TO SWITCH A CIRCUIT ACTIVATED BY A CONTROL INPUT. TRANSFORMER –TRANSFERS ELECTRICAL ENERGY THROUGH A SHARED MAGNETIC FIELD. AWG - AMERICAN WIRE GAUGE GFCI – MONITORS AMOUNT OF CURRENT FLOWING FROM HOT TO NEUTRAL. WET CELL-LEAD ACID BATTERY ELECTROLYTE- WET FILL IN BATTERY HYDROMETER- GAUGE TO CHECK SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE ELECTROLYTE WIRE GAUGE- SIZE OF WIRE SMALLER THE # LARGER THE WIRE LARGER THE WIRE --- LESS RESISTANCE • • • • • • • • • • • ASTM American Society for Testing Materials Chemical & Physical Specifications ANSI American National Standards Institute Oversees Development of Standards SAE Society of Automotive Engineers Specification of Grade 5 and Grade 8 Hardware ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers Boilers and Pressure Vessel Codes ISO International Organization for Standards Developer and Publisher of International Standards ASNT American Society for Non Destructive Testing Tests for Metal Defects COASTER FACTS Anti-Rollback Device - A ratcheting mechanism used on a lift hill or section of a roller coaster that prevents the cars or trains from rolling backwards. This is the device that causes the familiar clicking sound on many lift hills. Guide Wheels - These are a set of wheels that guides the train in turns and prevents the train from falling off the rail or track. Guide wheels are attached to the underside of the car or train and run along the inside or outside of the track. Bents - The vertical wood beams on a wooden roller coaster's structure. Block - Used to describe a section of track on the course of a roller coaster. Blocks are separated by brakes, lifts, stations or other devices that enable a train to be stopped and most coasters are designed to operate with only one train moving in each block at any time. Guide Wheels - These are a set of wheels that guides the train in turns and prevents the train from falling off the rail or track. Guide wheels are attached to the underside of the car or train and run along the inside or outside of the track. What grade faster do we NEVER use in the amusement industry ? A governor, or speed limiter, is a device used to measure and regulate the speed of a machine, such as an engine. A sprocket is a profiled wheel with teeth that mesh with a chain, track or other perforated or indented material.[1][2] The name 'sprocket' applies generally to any wheel upon which are radial projections that engage a chain passing over it. It is distinguished from a gear in that sprockets are never meshed together directly, and differs from a pulley in that sprockets have teeth and pulleys are smooth. Revolutions per minute (abbreviated rpm, RPM, r/min, or r·min−1) is a measure of the frequency of a rotation. It annotates the number of full rotations completed in one minute around a fixed axis. It is used as a measure of rotational speed of a mechanical component. Hertz 60 /50 - in the United States, common house electrical supply is at 60 hertz (meaning the current changes direction or polarity 120 times, or 60 cycles, a second). (In Europe, line frequency is 50 hertz, or 50 cycles per second.) Basic definitions • Alternating Current: electron flow changes direction over a circuit • AHJ: Authority having jurisdiction • Amp, Amperage: unit of measure for the intensity of a circuit. • AWG, American wire gage: wire size or diameter • Bond, bonding jumper: to electrically attach or “hook up” • Circuit: A complete path for current to flow from the source to the load back to the source. • Conductor: (ungrounded) current carrying (hot) wire • Cycle, Hertz: One complete performance of current alteration. • U.S. Standard 60 cycles per second • Eu Standard 50 cycles per second • Electricity, electromotive force: The movement of electrons along a conductor. • Equipment grounding conductor: The ground wire (Green) • Grounding electrode conductor: wire from the source to the ground rod. • Grounding electrode: Ground rod NFPA 70 National Electrical Code NFPA 101 Life Safety Code DOT Department o Transportation FRA Federal Railroad Administration OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration CPSC Consumer Products Safety Commission EPA Environmental Protection Agency ASTM The American Society for Testing and Materials, The standards produced by ASTM International fall into six categories: • Milli-amperes: one thousandth of an amp (30 milli-amperes can be fatal) • • • • • NEC: National Electric Code OHM: a unit of measure for the resistance to the electron flow in a circuit. Over-current device: Fuse or circuit breaker. Volts, Voltage: Unit of measure of electromotive force. Watt: unit of measure for the power of an electrical circuit. Newton- is an SI unit of force equivalent to the force that produces an acceleration of one meter per second per second on a mass of one kilogram. blood-borne disease is one that can be spread by contamination by blood. The most common examples are HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and viral hemorrhagic fevers. Square Area = a2 a = length of side Rectangle Area = b×h b = breadth h = height Blood borne Pathogens Blood borne pathogens are microorganisms in the blood or other body fluids that can cause illness and disease in people. These microorganisms can be transmitted through contact with contaminated blood and body fluids. When blood borne diseases are mentioned, most people think automatically of AIDS, but actually HBV, or the hepatitis B virus, is much more common. AIDS is usually fatal, though it may take years for symptoms to appear. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, though it may also be contracted through contact with contaminated blood or some body fluids. HBV attacks the liver, and is sometimes fatal. It is transmitted through saliva, blood and other body fluids. NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, shall be known as the Life Safety Code®, is cited as such, and shall be referred to herein as “this Code” or “the Code.” 1.1.2 Danger to Life from Fire. The Code addresses those construction, protection, and occupancy features necessary to minimize danger to life from the effects of fire, including smoke, heat, and toxic gases created during a fire. 1.1.3 Egress Facilities. The Code establishes minimum criteria for the design of egress facilities so as to allow prompt escape of occupants from buildings or, where desirable, into safe areas within buildings. 1.1.4 Other Fire-Related Considerations. The Code addresses other considerations that are essential to life safety in recognition of the fact that life safety is more than a matter of egress. The Code also addresses protective features and systems, building services, operating features, maintenance activities, and other provisions in recognition of the fact that achieving an acceptable degree of life safety depends on additional safeguards to provide adequate egress time or protection for people exposed to fire.