Download NJAA 2015 Study Guide

GENERAL STUDY MATERIAL
ALL LEVELS
The information in this guide will help prepare both the new member's and the
seniors member on the important items we need to know .
It was written to help new comes get introduced to terns and knowledge they will
need to further their positions in the amusement trade and older member to
refresh their knowledge and update their information of changes that were made
to what they were taught in the past.
IT IS NOT AN ANSWER GUIDE
TO THE TEST.
Joseph J. Pandolfo
Operation
English
+
plus, or addition
-
minus or subtraction
X
/
or
*
times, or multiply by
over, divided by, division by
ADD
SUBTRACT
Put in first #
Hit the + key
Put in Second #
Put in first #
Hit the + key
Put in Second #
REPEAT FOR ALL #’S BEING
ADDED
REPEAT FOR ALL #’S BEING
ADDED
Hit = key
Get answer
Hit = key
Get answer
MULTIPLIE
Put in first #
Hit the X or * key
Put in Second #
REPEAT FOR ALL #’S BEING MULTIPLIED
Hit = key
Get answer
DIVIDE
Put in first #
Hit the ÷ key
Put in Second #
REPEAT FOR ALL #’S BEING
DIVIDED
Hit = key
Get answer
ADD/DECIEL
Put in first # [00.00]
Put in first # [00.00]
REMEMBER TO INSERT THE
.
Hit + key
Put in Second [0.00]
REMEMBER TO PUT IN
Do for all # being added
Hit = key
Get answer
SUBTRACT DECIEL
.
REMEMBER TO INSERT THE
.
Hit - key
Put in Second [0.00]
REMEMBER TO PUT IN
Do for all # being added
Hit = key
Get answer
.
MULTIPLIE DECIEL
PUT IN first #
CONVERSIONS CHART
[000.000]
remember to insert the
.
Hit X or * key
remember to insert the
.
PUT IN Second # [00.0]
repeat for all #’s being multiplied
Hit = key
Get answer
INCHES TO MILLIMETERS INCHES TO CENTIMETERS
Convert the millimeter measurement
to inches by dividing the millimeter
figure by 25.4.
For instance if the measured is
40 mm
you will divide this by 25.4.
eg.
40mm ÷25.4=1.574
Convert the centimeter
measurement to inches by
dividing the centimeter figure
by 2.54.
For instance if the measured is
40 mm
you will divide this by 2.54.
eg.
40mm ÷2.54=15.74
CENTIMETER TO INCHES MILLIMETER TO INCHES
Convert the centimeter
measurement
to inches by multiply the centimeter
figure by .0394.
For instance if the measure is
250 Mm.
you will multiply this by .0394.
Eg.
250 Mm x .0394 = 9.84 inches
.84 = 84/100 =42/50=21/25”
Convert the millimeter
measurement
to inches by multiply the
millimeter
figure by .0394.
For instance if the measure is
250 Cm
you will multiply this by .0394.
Eg.
250 Cm x .0394 = 9.84 inches
.84 inches = 84/100
=42/50=21/25”
FEET TO METERS
Convert the
length[feet]measurement
to meters by multiplying the length
by .3048.
For instance if the length is
50’
you will multiply this by .3048.
eg.
50’ x .3048 = 15.29 meters
METERS TO FEET
Convert the
length [meters]measurement
to meters by multiplying the length
by 3.281.
For instance if the length is
50’
you will multiply this by 3.281.
eg.
50 meters x 3.281 = 164.05 feet
POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS
KILOGRAMS TO POUNDS
Convert the pounds measurement to
kilograms by multiplying the weight by
2.205.
Convert the pounds measurement to
kilograms by multiplying the
weight by .45359.
For instance if the measured is
50 lbs.
you will multiply this by .45359.
eg.
50lbs. x .45359 = 22.67 kilograms
For instance if the measured is 50 KG you
will multiply this by 2.205.
eg.
50KG x 2.205 = 110.25
LITERS TO GALLONS GALLONS TO LITERS
Convert the Liters measurement to
Gallons by multiplying the weight by
0.2642.
Convert the gallon measurement to
liters by multiplying the volume by
3.78.
For instance if the liters are
50 [L]
you will multiply this by
0.2642.
For instance if the gallons are
5 gallons
you will multiply this by
3.78
eg.
60[L] x 0.2642 = 15.852
eg.
5gallon x 3.78= 18.927
Whole numbers refer to complete Subtraction is the process of finding
units with no fractional parts.
the difference between two
Place the numbers in a column
numbers. Place the smaller number
under the larger number,
and add the units, starting from
keeping the right-hand column even
the right-hand column.
(or justified) as in the
examples below.
Example: Add the following: 12 + 1 + 25
Place
Value
+
tens
1
2
3
Answer = 38
ones
2
1
5
8
Multiplication is a
simplified way of
adding the same
number
many times.
Place
Value
ten - thousands
×
tens ones
1
0
4
4
0
hundreds
5
×
4
4
Place
Value
thousands
1
3
5
6
6
3
tens
4
8
3
8
1
ones
6
3
8
8
Division is a simplified method of subtracting one number from a larger number many times.
The number to be divided (dividend) is placed inside the division frame. The divisor is to the
left, and the answer (quotient) is above the frame.
QUOTIENT
DIVISOR DIVIDEND
To divide 1035 by 23 follows the sequence
DMSB: Divide , Multiply, Subtract, and Bring down ONE number.
Example :
4
23 1035
92
4
23 1035
45
23 1035
92
11
Numerator: The top number of a fraction, the number above the
Denominator:
Proper fraction:
92
115
115
bar.
The bottom number of a fraction, the number below
The type of fractions you are most likely to see:
1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 7/8, 4/5.
The numerator is smaller than the denominator.
Improper fraction: Fractions in which the numerator is bigger than the denominator.
5/4, 8/7, 3/2.
Mixed number:
A “mixture” of a whole number and a proper fraction:
2½, 3½, 4⅞.
the bar.
Reducing a Fraction: Unless otherwise stated, all fractions should be
reduced to lowest terms. You reduce fractions by dividing both the numerator
and the denominator by the same number that is common to both. This is
repeated until the fraction can no longer be reduced.
Example:
4
10
4 ÷ 2 = 2
10 ÷ 2 = 5
Answer:
2
5
Changing Improper Fractions into Mixed Numbers
Example:
Step 1. Divide the numerator (7) by the denominator (3).
Step 2. Place the remainder alongside the quotient and over the divisor (3) = 1/3
1
3
Step 3. Reduce the fraction if necessary. (Reducing is not necessary for 1/3.)
Answer:
1
2
3
Changing
Example:
5
Mixed Numbers into Improper Fractions
2
3
Step 1. Multiply the whole number (5) by the denominator (3).
Step 2. Add the result (15) to the original numerator (2).
Answer: This is an improper fraction.
15 + 2
3
5× 3 + 2
3
17
3
Adding Common Fractions
The two parts of a fraction are the numerator (above the line) and denominator (below the line).
NUMERATOR
DENOMINATOR
To add or subtract fractions, you must first find the least common denominator (LCD). The least common
denominator is the smallest number that all of the denominators will divide into.
3
1
1
5
+
+
+
2
8
16
64
LCD is 64
•
Decimals are much easier to use than
•
Most automotive measurements are in the thousandths.
•
A decimal is a unit of measurement that mean less than one.
– 0.005 means five-thousandths.
– 0.005 would be written as
functional measurements.
5
1000
To change a fraction into a decimal, divide the top number
(numerator) by the bottom number (denominator):
Example:
.75
3
is 4 3.00
4
2.8
20
20
•
Place the numbers to be added under each other so that the decimal points line up.
•
Add as you would with whole numbers, and drop the decimal point into the answer, directly in line
with the other decimal points.
•
Recall the place values for numbers on both sides of a decimal point.
Place Value
thousands
•
•
•
•
hundreds
tens ones
•
tenths hundredths thousandths
Place the smaller number under the larger number.
Keep the decimal points in line.
Subtract as you would with whole numbers.
Drop the decimal point in the answer directly below the others.
• Multiply the numbers as if they were whole numbers.
Pretend the decimal points do not exist.
•
Count the total number of places to the right
of the decimal point.
•
Place a decimal point exactly the same number of places
to the left of the last digit.
Example:
6.37
× 2
1274
1274
12.74
•
Made the divisor a whole number by moving the decimal point all the way to
the right.
•
Move the decimal point in the dividend to the right the same number of
places.
•
After the dividing is completed, move the decimal point straight up from the
dividend and into the quotient.
Example:
6.4 86.40
64. 864.0
13.5
64 864.0
64
224
192
320
320
To change a fraction to a decimal,
divide the numerator by the
denominator.
Examples:
Example:
11
16
Reduce the fraction to lowest terms.
.6875
16 11.0000
96
140
128
120
112
80
80
Answer : .6875
5 1
.5 =
=
10 2
375
75 3
.375 =
=
=
1000 200 8
6875 1375 275 11
.6875 =
=
=
=
1000 2000 400 16
Table of English linear measurement, also known as a conversion table.
1 foot
=
12 inches
1 yard
=
3 feet
1 yard
=
36 inches
1 mile
=
5,280 feet
1 mile
=
1,760 yards
FLUID VOLUME
OUNCES
CUP [ 8 ounces]
PINT [ 2 cups / 16 ounces]
QUART [2 pints /4 cups /32 ounces]
GALLON [4 quarts /8 pints /16 cups /128 ounces]
•
The metric system is used on all automobiles produced today.
A mechanic must be able to measure in metric as well as the English system.
In the center of the spectrum is unit. Units in the metric system are meters,
grams, and liters.
The following conversion table can be used to convert from the
metric system to the English system, or to convert from English
to metric.
Table of Linear Equivalents
1 inch
1 inch
1 inch
1 inch
=
=
=
=
0.0254 meter
0.254 decimeter
2.54 centimeters
25.40 millimeter
1 meter = 39.37 inches
1 decimeter = 3.937 inches
1 centimeter = 0.394 inch
1 millimeter = 0.03937 inch
1 foot = 0.3048 meter
1 yard = 0.9144 meter
On this scale, the numbered divisions are centimeters (cm). The
unnumbered divisions are millimeters (mm). Ten millimeters
equal one centimeter.
3/4 inch
1 1/4 inches
1 7/8 inches
2 5/8 inches
3 1/8 inche
3 3/8 inches
4 1/8 inches
4 1/2 inches
5 7/8 inches
TABLES HELP
•
•
•
Area is surface measurement that has length and width or length and height but no
thickness.
Usually found by multiplying length by width or height. The answer is expressed in
square units.
Change both measurements to the same linear units before multiplying.
Example:
Area = length × width
A = 3” × 2”
A = 6 square inches
Example:
Volume = length × height × width
V = 3” × 2” × 2”
V = 12 cubic inches
Mechanical Relationships
types of circuit
SERIES CIRCUITS
There are two types of electrical circuits;
PARALLEL CIRCUITS
To remember parallel think of the 2 LL in
the word running next to each other
Z
0.2
A
X
0.2
A
Y
0.2
A
Current at X
Current at Y
Current at Z
0.2 A
0.2 A
0.2 A
In a series circuit the current is the same at all
points in the circuit.
Z
0.4
A
A
0.2
0.2
A
Current at X
Current at Y
Current at Z
0.2 A
0.2 A
0.4 A
X
Y
In a parallel circuit the
current taken from the
battery equals the sum of
the currents through the
two bulbs
Wiring color code US
What is a phase ?
»
•
•
•
•
•
Neutral
Ground
Hot
Hot
Hot
120
240
WHITE
GREEN/BARE COPPER
BLACK
RED
Wiring color code EU
•
•
•
•
•
Neutral
Ground
Hot
Hot
Hot
BROWN
BLACK
RED
BLUE
GREEN/YELLOW
3 phase
BLUE
Examples of Table 400-5 (A)
1. A flexible cord is labeled 4/5 SJO. This indicates that
there are a total of 5 conductors in the cable and the size of
each conductor would be no. 4 AWG copper
.
In this cable there are 3 current carrying conductors, a
neutral conductor, and equipment-grounding conductor.
2. A 6/4 SO flexible cord has 4 no.6 AWG conductors (2 current
carrying, 1 neutral, 1equipment ground)
S = Severe Service Cord - 600 volts
O = Oil Resistant Outer Jacket Material
J = Junior Severe Service - 300 volts
OO = Oil Resistant Outer Jacket and Oil Resistant Insulation
W = CSA Weather and Water Resistant
Flexible Portable Cord
(Portable Power Cables/ SO Cord /
SJ Cord / SOW Cord / Hard Usage Cord)
TYPE
4 / 5 SJO
4 = the WIRE SIZE
5 = the # OF WIRE
SJO = severe service, junior[300v],oil resistant
Commonly used designations for flexible cable power cord include :
S = Stranded (or Hard Service Cord) (600 Volt Cords)
J = Junior Service Cord (300 Volts)
E = Elastomer
OO = Oil Resistant inside insulation and outside jacket
W = Weather/Water resistant
• Current has the symbol I and is
measured in amps (A)
• Resistance has the symbol R
)
and is measured in ohms (Ω
• Voltage has the symbol V and is
measured in volts(V)
• Current is measured with an
ammeter in series.
• Voltage is measured with a
voltmeter in parallel.
If You know that P = 100 W, and V = 6 V. you can rearrange the equation to solve
for I and substitute in the numbers.
I = P/V = 100 W / 6 V = 16.66 amps
What would happen if you use a 12-volt battery and a 12-volt light bulb to get 100 watts of power?
100 W / 12 V = 8.33 amps
Ohm’s law is expressed in three statements:
1.
2.
3.
If voltage is increased, current flow is increased.
If voltage is decreased, current flow is decreased.
If resistance is increased, current flow is decreased.
The formula can be written in three ways:
E = I×R
where:
E = voltage (electromotive force)
I = current in amperes (inductance)
R = resistance in ohms
E
I=
R
E
R=
I
The Generator
•
•
•
A) Each generator must have an affixed nameplate giving the manufacturer’s name,
rated frequency, power factor, number of phases, rating in amperes, and normal
voltage. Art 445-3
B) Each generator must have one main circuit breaker or fused main disconnect which
disconnects all electricity from the generator. Art 445-4(a) & 445-10
C)All wiring must be enclosed at the generator. Covers must be installed on all electrical
enclosures, panel boards, etc., to eliminate inadvertent contact with electrical
components. Art 445-6, 250-62(a) &(b), 430-133
Equipment ground (green) is bonded to ground rod wire to make overcurrent device
operate properly.
Generators to have ground rods
Neutral and ground
bond together at generator
GENERATOR
8’ rods
6’ apart
Connected in series
•8’ ground rods
•Not greater than.
45 degree angle
•8’ ground rods
•Buried 2 ½ ‘ deep
•Plate electrodes
•2 square feet surface area
•Buried 2 ½ feet deep
525.11 Where multiple sources supply rides or attractions within 12’ of each other they must be
bonded to the same grounding electrodes
525.21Disconnecting means. Located within sight or 6 feet of the operator’s station. If accessible to public must
be locking.
525.30 bonding. All metal parts connected to same source shall be bonded.
525.31 Equipment Grounding. All equipment must be grounded as per 250.118 all grounds shall be bonded to
the system grounded conductor at service disconnect or the generators.
525.32 Grounding Continuity Assurance. Shall be verified each time equipment is connected.
Installed not great than a 45 % angle into ground 8 foots buried on the flat must be 2 feet 6 inch deep [ 30”]
Plate must be 2 feet square and 30 inch deep Multiple power sources within 12 feet of each other
must be bonded together at same rod
Ground rods-must be at least 8ft long Ground rods 25 ohms or less –6ft apart Connected
in series
A-water pipe clamp
B-rod clamp
Overhead conductors must have a 15 foot clearance
from amusements attractions
Can not be located under or within 15 feet horizontally of conductors
of 600 volts or more.
Conductor must be 10 feet or above grade
Conductor must be 12 feet or above property and driveways
18 feet for public streets and areas
Overhead Conductor Clearances
•
10 ft. above finished grade, sidewalks, platforms, or projections from which they might be accessible to
pedestrians for 120VFor overhead conductors installed outside tents and concession areas, the vertical
clearance requirements of 225.18 apply [525.5(A)] (Figure 525-2). The minimums are:, 120/208V,
120/240V, or 240V circuits.
Overhead Conductor Clearances
Amusement rides or attractions shall not be located under or within 15’ horizontally of
conductors operating in excess of 600 volts
Overhead Conductor Clearances
Overhead conductors must have a clearance of
15 ft. from amusement rides and attractions
(except, of course, for the conductors
that supply power to the ride or attraction)
[525.5(B)].
600 Volts or less
First connected
- Last to disconnect
•
•
•
•
Blue = hot
Red = hot
Black = hot
White = neutral
•
Green = ground
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter Protection [ GFCI ]
A GFCI constantly monitors the electrical current
passing through a circuit. If the amount of current
passing into the circuit is different from the current
being returned to the circuit, it indicates a ground
fault and the GFCI shuts off electrical current to the
circuit.
Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter (AFCI)
is a specific duplex receptacle or circuit breaker
designed to help prevent fires by detecting an
unintended electrical arc and disconnecting
the power before the arc starts a fire.
LOCK-OUT
TAG – OUT
The life you save may
be your own!
•
Refers to specific practices and procedures to safeguard
employees from the unexpected energization or startup of
machinery and equipment, or the release of hazardous
energy during service or maintenance activities.
Rides General Requirements
• Rides, attractions and related item that are
required to be level must be properly blocked
and maintained to insure safety
Blocking
Blocking is the ride’s foundation
Concrete blocks are not acceptable blocking
Blocking must be wider than the ride’s mud sill or
landing gear
Blocking must be wider than it is high
Blocking must be in good condition
BLOCKING
Blocking height should not exceed the width of the base
WIRE ROPE
• Birdcage
Usually caused by
sudden release of
load
Wire Rope Failure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Incorrect size, construction, or grade
Dragging over obstacles
Improper lubrication
Operating over sheaves or drums of improper size or
improperly fitted groves
Jumping off sheaves
Subjecting to severe or continuing overload
Criteria
•
•
•
•
•
•
A) general condition
B) More than 1 valley break in a lay
C) abrasion or peening causing loss of outside diameter
D) deterioration from corrosion
E) severe kinking
F) heat damage
FASTENERS
•
•
Threaded fasteners make use of the wedging action of the screw thread to clamp
parts together.
To achieve maximum strength , a threaded fastener should screw into its mating
part at least a distance equal to 1 ½ times the thread diameter.
BOLT
•
A bolt is the term used for a threaded fastener, with a head, designed to
be used in conjunction with a nut.
UNC
Unified National Coarse (UNC) is a thread form with a
60 degree flank angle rounded roots and flat crests. For
a given diameter it has a larger thread pitch than an
equivalent diameter UNF thread.
UNF
Unified National Fine (UNF) is a thread form with a 60
degree flank angle rounded roots and flat crests. For a
given diameter it has a smaller thread pitch than an
equivalent diameter UNC thread.
GRADE OF BOLTS
US GRADE MARKING ON BOLT HEAD + 2
6 MARKS + 2 =
GRADE 8
ANTI-SEIZE COMPOUND
• An anti-seize compound is used on the threads of fasteners in some applications. The purpose of
the compound depends upon the application. It can prevent galling of mating surfaces - such
compounds are frequently used with stainless steel fasteners to prevent this effect from
occurring. In some applications it is used to improve corrosion resistance to allow the parts to be
subsequently dis-assembled Thirdly, it can provide a barrier to water penetration since the
threads are sealed by use of the compound.
STRUCTURAL BOLT
A structural bolt is a heavy hexagon head bolt having a controlled thread length intended
for use in structural connections and assembly of such structures as buildings and
bridges. The controlled thread length is to enable the thread to stop before the joint ply
interface to improve the fastener's direct shear performance. This term is used in civil
and structural engineering but is not frequently used in mechanical engineering.
THREADLOCKER
•
Can be a term used for a number of vibration resistant products but is now usually
reserved for threadlocking adhesives. Specifically, a liquid anaerobic adhesive
applied to nut or bolt thread, once hardened it fills the inner spaces between the
threads to produce a solid plastic of a known shear strength.
Torque
A bolt that has been over tightened can be just as lethal as
one that hasn't been tightened enough
Identical bolts, when tightened to identical
torque values, will vary substantially in their actual
tensions (typically plus or minus 25%, and not
uncommonly plus or minus 50%).
Why?
Because 85% of your torque is consumed by
friction. Dirt on threads; Texture of surface;
Lubricants or Adhesives (lock tite)
•
A rotational moment; it is a measure of how much twisting is
applied to a fastener. The units used to measure torque are in the
form of force times length. Usually measured in newton-metres
(Nm) if metric units are used or pounds feet (lb-ft) when imperial
units are used.
• A manual wrench which incorporates a gauge or other method to
indicate the amount of torque transferred to the nut or bolt.
BOLT TORQUE FACTORS
LUBRICANT OR PLATINGTORQUE CHANGES
•
•
•
•
Oil
Dry Film (Teflon or moly based)
Dry Wax (Cetyl alcohol)
Chrome plating
Cadmium plating
Reduce torque 15% to 25%
Reduce torque 50%
Reduce torque 50%
No change
Reduce torque 25%
•
Zinc plating
Reduce torque 15%
• R clips must be
•
the right size for the job
•
•
They must not be
bent out of shape
•
•
They must still have
the proper tension
•
•
They must be properly
installed
Fasteners
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
ASTM
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
(CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL SPECIFICATIONS)
ANSI
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE
( DIMENSIONAL SPECIFICATIONS)
Welding processes
•
SMAW………Shielded Metal Arc Welding (stick)
• SAW…………Submerged Arc Welding
• GTAW……….Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (TIG)
• GMAW………Gas Metal Arc Welding (MIG)
• FCAW……….Flux Core Arc Welding
Discontinuities
Porosity
Incomplete Fusion
Undercut
Underfill
Incomplete Joint Penetration
Overlap
Non-Destructive Testing
In general,
the purpose of NDT will fall into one of the following categories:
1. Determination of material properties
2. Detection, characterization, location and sizing of discontinuities/defects
3. Determining quality of manufacture or fabrication of a component/structure
4. Checking for deterioration after a
period of service for a component/structure
Magnetic Particle (MT)
This method is used to detect surface defects and subsurface indications no
more than ¼” below the surface
Magnetic fields are induced at the location.(either longitudinal or circular)
The area is dusted with metal or iron particles.
Magnetic yoke is used for surface detection
Rectified current has subsurface capabilities.
Ultrasonic (UT)
Used for subsurface flaws. Commonly used on shafts
A transducer produces sound waves which are sent through the test part
When properly calibrated to the material tested the ultrasonic echo will show
the presence of an indication and even its location within the part.
Requires knowledge of the part, location of keyways, steps etc.
Blueprints of part should be available.
This method uses short light waves or radiation waves.
A photographic image is produced by passing x-rays, gamma rays,
and/or electrons through the test object onto a film
.More light passes through the flaw and creates a darker spot on the film
Visual and Optical Testing (VT)
The most basic NDT method is visual examination. Visual examiners follow procedures
that range from simply looking at a part to see if surface imperfections are visible,
to using computer controlled camera systems to automatically recognize and measure
features of a component
Penetrate Testing (PT)
The test object is coated with a solution that contains a visible or fluorescent dye.
Excess solution is then removed from the surface of the object but leaving it in surface breaking
defects. A developer is then applied to draw the penetrate out of the defects.
With fluorescent dyes,ultraviolet light is used to make the bleed out fluoresce brightly,
thus allowing imperfections to be readily seen .With visible dyes,
vivid color contrasts between the penetrate and developer make "bleed out" easy to see.
The red indications below represent a number of defects in this component.
What is dwell time??????
Magnetic Particle Testing (MT)
BETWEEN 5 AND 20 MINS.
This NDT method is accomplished by inducing a magnetic field in a ferromagnetic material
and then dusting the surface with iron particles (either dry or suspended in liquid). Surface
and near-surface flaws produce magnetic poles or distort the magnetic field in such a way
that the iron particles are attracted and concentrated. This produces a visible indication of
defect on the surface of the material.
Hydraulics
The science dealing with the transmission of force through the
medium of a contained fluid.
PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE
A pressure relief valve is a safety device and is required
on all hydraulic systems.
Once adjusted,the pressure relief valve opens
whenever the pressure goes beyond the value set and
allows oil to flow back to the reservoir.
Hydraulic Tank
(fluid reservoir)
ACCUMULATORS
An accumulator is used to store hydraulic oil,
under pressure,
to pressurize the system while the pump is
unloaded. This oil is also used to supplement
the power pump output during times of heavy
use or for limited operations when the pump is
not working.
Accumulators also dampen surges within the
hydraulic system.
HYDRAULIC MOTORS
Hydraulic motors are another important piece of the hydraulic system.
However,
instead of a cylinder (force moving linear) the motor uses hydraulic pressure to rotate.
when it's operated oil enters the motor and turns the shaft.
The speed of a hydraulic motor is dependent on the amount of oil supplied by the pump and
the torque is dependent on the amount of pressure supplied.
Hydraulic Actuators
A hydraulic actuator receives pressure energy and
converts it to mechanical force and motion. An
actuator can be linear or rotary. A linear actuator
gives force and motion outputs in a straight line. It
is more commonly called a cylinder but is also
referred to as a ram, reciprocating motor, or linear
motor. A rotary actuator produces torque and
rotating motion. It is more commonly called
a hydraulic motor or motor.
Pneumatic
Cylinder
relating to, or using air. Moved by air pressure. Filled with
compressed air.
Control valve
A valve that controls the flow in air lines.
Air receiver
A receptacle which serves to store compressed air
for heavy demands
in excess of compressor capacity
Filter or Strainer
Fencing
• Per ASTM F 2291-04
• Shall be at least 42” above
the surface
• Shall be constructed to
reject a 4” ball at all
openings.
• Shall be designed to inhibit
overturning by spectators
Stairs
42” above the tread nose
Handrails 34” – 38”
above the tread nose
Gates
• Shall open away from the
ride or device unless
equipped with a positive
lock device
• Shall be designed so that
if opened will not contact
the device or passengers
TERMS YOU NEED TO KNOW
The following pages are terms you will need to know.
Terms are best learned by reading them over and
over very time you pick up this guide.
DONOT try to learn them in one reading you will get
angry and mix up the information .
When reviewing the terms pay attention to the
acronyms .
I.e. A.S.T.M. American Society for Testing Materials
Joe P.
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DIODE ALLOWS CURRENT TO FLOW
IN ONE DIRECTION
RECTIFIER CONVERTS AC TO DC
FUSE USED TO PROTECT WIRING
CONTACTOR IS A CONTROLL
SWITCH/RELAY USED TO SWITCH A
CIRCUIT ACTIVATED BY A CONTROL
INPUT.
TRANSFORMER –TRANSFERS
ELECTRICAL ENERGY THROUGH A
SHARED MAGNETIC FIELD.
AWG - AMERICAN WIRE GAUGE
GFCI – MONITORS AMOUNT OF
CURRENT FLOWING FROM HOT TO
NEUTRAL.
WET CELL-LEAD ACID BATTERY
ELECTROLYTE- WET FILL IN BATTERY
HYDROMETER- GAUGE TO CHECK
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE
ELECTROLYTE
WIRE GAUGE- SIZE OF WIRE
SMALLER THE # LARGER THE WIRE
LARGER THE WIRE --- LESS RESISTANCE
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ASTM
American Society for
Testing Materials
Chemical & Physical Specifications
ANSI American National Standards
Institute
Oversees Development of Standards
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
Specification of Grade 5 and Grade 8
Hardware
ASME
American Society of
Mechanical Engineers
Boilers and Pressure Vessel Codes
ISO International Organization for
Standards
Developer and Publisher of
International Standards
ASNT American Society for Non
Destructive Testing
Tests for Metal Defects
COASTER
FACTS
Anti-Rollback Device - A ratcheting mechanism used on a lift hill or section of a roller coaster that prevents the
cars or trains from rolling backwards. This is the device that causes the familiar clicking sound on many lift hills.
Guide Wheels - These are a set of wheels that guides the train in turns and prevents the train from falling
off the rail or track. Guide wheels are attached to the underside of the car or train and run along the inside
or outside of the track.
Bents - The vertical wood beams on a wooden roller coaster's structure.
Block - Used to describe a section of track on the course of a roller coaster. Blocks are separated by brakes,
lifts, stations or other devices that enable a train to be stopped and most coasters are designed to operate
with only one train moving in each block at any time.
Guide Wheels - These are a set of wheels that guides the train in turns and prevents the train from falling
off the rail or track. Guide wheels are attached to the underside of the car or train and run along the
inside or outside of the track.
What grade faster do we NEVER use in the amusement industry ?
A governor, or speed limiter, is a device used to measure and regulate the speed of a machine, such
as an engine.
A sprocket is a profiled wheel with teeth that mesh with a chain, track or other perforated or indented
material.[1][2] The name 'sprocket' applies generally to any wheel upon which are radial projections that engage a
chain passing over it. It is distinguished from a gear in that sprockets are never meshed together directly, and
differs from a pulley in that sprockets have teeth and pulleys are smooth.
Revolutions per minute (abbreviated rpm, RPM, r/min, or r·min−1) is a measure of the frequency of a rotation. It
annotates the number of full rotations completed in one minute around a fixed axis. It is used as a measure of
rotational speed of a mechanical component.
Hertz 60 /50 - in the United States, common house electrical supply is at 60 hertz (meaning the
current changes direction or polarity 120 times, or 60 cycles, a second). (In Europe, line frequency is 50
hertz, or 50 cycles per second.)
Basic definitions
• Alternating Current: electron
flow changes direction over a
circuit
• AHJ: Authority having
jurisdiction
• Amp, Amperage: unit of
measure for the intensity of a
circuit.
• AWG, American wire gage: wire
size or diameter
• Bond, bonding jumper: to
electrically attach or “hook up”
• Circuit: A complete path for
current to flow from the source
to the load back to the source.
• Conductor: (ungrounded)
current carrying (hot) wire
• Cycle, Hertz:
One complete performance
of current alteration.
• U.S. Standard 60 cycles per
second
• Eu Standard 50 cycles per
second
• Electricity, electromotive force:
The movement of electrons
along a conductor.
• Equipment grounding
conductor:
The ground wire (Green)
• Grounding electrode conductor:
wire from the source to the
ground rod.
• Grounding electrode:
Ground rod
NFPA 70 National Electrical
Code
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code
DOT Department o Transportation
FRA Federal Railroad Administration
OSHA
Occupational Safety and
Health Administration
CPSC
Consumer Products Safety
Commission
EPA Environmental Protection
Agency
ASTM The American Society
for Testing and Materials,
The standards produced by ASTM International
fall into six categories:
• Milli-amperes: one thousandth of an amp (30 milli-amperes can be fatal)
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NEC:
National Electric Code
OHM:
a unit of measure for the resistance to the electron flow in a circuit.
Over-current device:
Fuse or circuit breaker.
Volts,
Voltage: Unit of measure of electromotive force.
Watt:
unit of measure for the power of an electrical circuit.
Newton- is an SI unit of force equivalent to the force that produces an acceleration of
one meter per second per second on a mass of one kilogram.
blood-borne disease is one that can be spread by contamination by blood.
The most common examples are
HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and viral hemorrhagic fevers.
Square
Area = a2
a = length of side
Rectangle
Area = b×h
b = breadth
h = height
Blood borne Pathogens
Blood borne pathogens are microorganisms in the blood or other body fluids that can cause illness and
disease in people. These microorganisms can be transmitted through contact with contaminated blood
and body fluids.
When blood borne diseases are mentioned, most people think automatically of AIDS, but actually HBV,
or the hepatitis B virus, is much more common. AIDS is usually fatal, though it may take years for
symptoms to appear. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is primarily transmitted through sexual contact,
though it may also be contracted through contact with contaminated blood or some body fluids. HBV
attacks the liver, and is sometimes fatal. It is transmitted through saliva, blood and other body fluids.
NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, shall be known as the Life Safety Code®, is cited as such, and shall
be referred to herein as “this Code” or “the Code.” 1.1.2 Danger to Life from Fire. The Code
addresses those construction, protection, and occupancy features necessary to minimize danger
to life from the effects of fire, including smoke, heat, and toxic gases created during a fire. 1.1.3
Egress Facilities. The Code establishes minimum criteria for the design of egress facilities so as to
allow prompt escape of occupants from buildings or, where desirable, into safe areas within
buildings. 1.1.4 Other Fire-Related Considerations. The Code addresses other considerations that
are essential to life safety in recognition of the fact that life safety is more than a matter of
egress. The Code also addresses protective features and systems, building services, operating
features, maintenance activities, and other provisions in recognition of the fact that achieving an
acceptable degree of life safety depends on additional safeguards to provide adequate egress
time or protection for people exposed to fire.