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Name:
Period:
Anatomy & Physiology
The Digestive System & Body Metabolism
Organs of the Digestive System:

The Alimentary Canal (or _______________________________________________, GI, tract) is the
hollow tube where digestion occurs.

The organs include: __________________________________, pharynx, esophagus,
___________________________________, ____________________________ intestine, large intestine,
and anus.

It is ~30 feet long.

Digestion is the _________________________________________ (breakdown) of food for the body’s
use.

This is both chemical and mechanical.

______________________________________________: chewing food.
Mouth (Oral Cavity):

Digestion begins here.

Food is broken down _________________________________________ and chemically.

Its accessory organs:
◦
Cheeks
◦
Lips
◦
Tongue
◦
Palate
◦
Teeth
Swallowing:
Swallowing occurs in 3 stages:
◦
_______________________________________________: food is chewed & consciously
swallowed
◦
Swallowing _________________________________________ is triggered: through a variety of
steps, food is moved by peristalsis to the esophagus
◦

________________________________________________: food moves through the esophagus
While swallowing, ________________________________________ does not occur.
Pharynx:
Name:
Period:

From the stomach, food passes thru to the pharynx.

It contains 3 parts:
◦
Nasopharynx (__________________________________passageway)
◦
Oropharynx (___________________________________passageway)
◦
Laryngopharynx (passageway to the esophagus)
Esophagus:

A tube that runs ~25cm (10”) long

Allows __________________________________________________ to continue

Just before the esophagus meets the stomach is a circular section of smooth muscle called the
___________________________________________________sphincter (a.k.a. lower esophageal
sphincter) which controls the movement of food into the stomach. Usually this sphincter is closed (until
food reaches it).

The Four Layers of Tissue:
◦
________________________________________________________ (mucus membrane):
contains glands that secrete mucus & digestive enzymes

serves as _______________________________________ (underlying tissues)
◦
Submucosa
◦
________________________________________________________ layer: smooth muscle and
some nerves

◦
function is _________________________________________________.
Serosa (serous layer)
Stomach:

J-shaped organ that is below the cardiac sphincter of the esophagus

It can hold ~_________________________________ or more

It contains mucosal and submucosal layers

Mixes food with _____________________________________juices (that contain enzymes & acids)
Small Intestine:

Function: ______________________________________ digestion and begin absorption of digested
particles
Parts of the Small Intestine:
◦
__________________________________________: first portion; ~25cm long
◦
Jejunum: second section
Name:
Period:
◦
Ileum: last section (not truly distinctive from the jejunum)
Both the jejunum and the ileum are protected by the peritoneal membrane called the
____________________________________________________________

Intestinal ___________________________________________________are tiny projections that come
from the small intestines that ________________________________________ the surface area and aid
in absorption.

The small intestine is the most ____________________________________________ absorbing organ of
the alimentary canal.
Large Intestine:

Chyme moves from the small intestine into the large intestine

Much shorter than the small intestine but is ___________________________________ in its diameter

“surrounds” the small intestine

absorbs ___________________________________________ & electrolytes from chyme

the remaining material becomes ______________________________________________.
◦
This is ~75% water while the remaining is anything that was not digested or absorbed
(electrolytes, mucus, intestinal cells, bacteria & bile pigments which give feces its color).
◦
Its odor comes from ______________________________________________ products.

Does ___________________________contain villi

Parts of the Large Intestine:
◦
__________________________________: 1st part of the large intestine which is directly below
the ileocecal sphincter.

Below this is the vermiform appendix (a.k.a.
________________________________________________________). This has no known
function but has been discovered to have some lymphatic tissue.
◦
Colon: has 4 portions:

______________________________________________________colon: upward

_____________________________________________________ colon: below the
stomach; largest section
◦

Descending colon: downward

Sigmoid colon: twists into an S-shape, becoming this; the sigmoid reaches the rectum.
Rectum: ends at ~5cm below the tip of the
________________________________________________________
◦

Anal Canal: an opening to the external environment; feces exits the body.
The anus is guarded by 2 sphincters:
Name:
Period:
◦
The internal anal sphincter muscle: involuntary control
(__________________________________________________ muscle)
◦
_____________________________________________________________ anal sphincter muscle:
voluntary control (skeletal muscle)
Accessory Digestive Organs
Teeth:

Function: ______________________________________________

Primary teeth (a.k.a. ____________________________________________ teeth) are the first set of
teeth
◦

______________________________teeth (10 in each jaw)
Secondary teeth (a.k.a. ____________________________________________________ teeth) are the
second set of teeth

◦
______________________________teeth (16 in each jaw)
◦
grow in at 6-25 years (3rd molars appear between 17-25)
Classification of Teeth:

________________________________________ (front teeth) have sharp edges
to bite off food

cuspids (______________________________________ teeth) are sharp,
sometimes pointed for biting, grabbing & tearing food

biscuspids (behind cuspids) and
_________________________________________ (back teeth) are flat for
grinding food
Anatomy of a Tooth:
_________________________________________ (above the gum)
Root (below the gum; anchors)
Enamel (glossy white covering composed of ________________________________________)
___________________________________________ (bone-like substance that surrounds the tooth’s
interior pulp cavity)
Pulp cavity (interior tooth composed of BVs,
________________________________________________ & connective tissue)
Root canal (BVs and nerves that run the center of the pulp cavity)
Salivary Glands:
Name:

Period:
secrete _________________________________________________________ (contains serous fluid &
mucus)

Serous fluid contains a digestive enzyme, amylase which breaks down
__________________________________________________________.

Mucus lubricates & coats the food
Pancreas:

______________________________________________ AND an exocrine gland.

Produces pancreatic juice.

Pancreatic juice digests ________________________________________________, fats, nucleic acids
and _________________________________________________________.
Liver & Gallbladder:
Liver:

Reddish-brown

__________________________ lobes

Produces __________________________________ (which emulsifies fat)
Gallbladder:

Connected to liver & small intestine

_____________________________________________ bile
Processes of Digestive Tract:

________________________________________________________: to eat

Propulsion: to move food throughout the canal
(____________________________________________________________)

________________________________________________________ digestion: to chew, churn; physical
break down

Chemical digestion: to breakdown food with
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________: to transport products of
digestion into blood stream

Defection: to _____________________________________________________________ waste
Name:
Period:
Digestion
Movement through the Intestine & Defecation:

Chyme takes ________________________________________________ to move through the small
intestine

A peristaltic rush can occur if the small intestine is irritated.
◦
This is a ____________________________________________________ motion that empties the
small intestine’s contents into the large intestines and continues that sweeping motion without
nutrient absorption.
◦
_______________________________________________________ may result.
Movements of large intestine: both mixing and peristalsis:

__________________________________________________ than the small intestine

Peristalsis occurs ____________________________________________ daily

Peristaltic waves produce __________________________________________________
movements (irritation & inflammation, such as colitis, also stimulate these mass
movements)
◦
Defecation ____________________________________________is the force of pushing feces out
the anus