Download Quarter 2: Test 1 Review

Quarter 2: Test 1 Review
I. ETRUSCAN ART
A. Background
 High point of the Etruscans is contemporary with Archaic Greece (ca. 600 – 500
BCE)
 Much of their art was discovered in their NECROPOLICES (large burial areas)
B. Etruscan Temples
 Resemble Greek temples but have key differences
 Temples are on raised podiums with only one staircase. Therefore, Etruscan temples
have a front side unlike Greek temples, which often have stairs on all sides.
 Contain three CELLAS
 Statues on the ROOF
C. Apulu of Veii
 Etruscan version of Apollo
 Made out of TERRACOTTA (clay)
 Was part of the statuary on the roof of a temple
 Resembles Archaic Greek kouros
D. Sarcophagus of reclining couple
 Depicts a husband and wife reclining together
 Made from terracotta
 A container for their remains
 Woman reclining with a man may indicate that Etruscan women enjoyed higher
social status than that of Greek women
II. ROMAN ART
A. Temple of Portunus
 Roman temple from 75 BCE
 Combines Etruscan with Greek elements into an eclectic mix.
 Temple of Portunus (Roman harbor god) is a pseudo-peripteral temple, meaning
the engaged columns along the side are supposed to make the temple look like a
peripteral temple – with columns all the way around
B. Temple of Vesta in Tivoli, Italy
 Dedicated to Vesta, goddess of the hearth
 Has a centralized plan
 Resembles a THOLOS
C. Repulican Portrait Busts
 Rebublic-era (509 – 27 BCE)
 Patrician families kept deceased portrait busts a record of their ancestry
 Displayed during funeral processions


The busts have VERISTIC qualities (very realistic even showing imperfections)
They also display GRAVITAS (a stern and serious facial expression to show that
Romans were dutiful people)
D. Augustus Primaporta
 Depicts Augustus as a victorious general
 Based closely on Polykleitos’s Doryphoros - he stands in contrapposto and is
idealized
 Portrays Augustus as eternally youthful and powerful like a Classical Greek
hero
 Functioned as his official portrait around the empire
 Intended to mold public opinion
E. ARA PACIS
 Monument dedicated to Caesar Augustus giving him the credit for the Pax
Romana
 Divided into registers which contain relief sculpture that express the social and
political agenda of Augustus
 Image of Aeneas offering a sacrifice refers to Augustus’ divine lineage
 Image of Tellus with putti and animals symbolizes peace and prosperity in the
Roman world
 Imperial procession scene encourages men and women to start families
F. Vitruvius
 Ancient Roman architect during the Augustan age
 His work was rediscovered during the Renaissance period (1400’s)
 His ideas were the influence for Leonardo da Vinci’s drawing Vitruvian Man
G. Pont-du-Gard Aqueduct
 Carried water to the town of Nimes in France from a mountain source 82 miles
away
 Each round arch is made of interlocking stones called voussoirs.
H. Pompeii and Herculaneum
 Roman towns buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE aka the first
century
 Pompeii had an amphitheater, forum, and many homes.
 Typical Roman homes had an ATRIUM as a welcoming hall for guests.
 The atrium contained an opening in the ceiling and a pool for collecting water
below that opening called an IMPLUVIUM.
 On the sides of the atrium, were CUBICULA (bedrooms).
 The end of the atrium led to a PERISTYLE courtyard often with a garden in the
center.
I. Still-life of Peaches and Glass of Water



Part of a FOURTH STYLE fresco from a home in Herculaneum
First example of a STILL LIFE painting
Has great interest in realism, based off careful observation of a scene, includes
shadows and light to make scene look realistic.
J. Cubiculum from Home of Publius Fannius Synistor
 Part of a home buried when Vesuvius erupted
 Contains SECOND STYLE painting which depicts REALISTIC
ARCHITECTURAL scenes with a sense of depth and attempted perspective
K. Colosseum
 Built by Emperor Vespasian in late 1st century CE
 Originally called FLAVIAN AMPHITHEATER
 Used for public spectacles
 Exterior decoration includes arches and engaged columns
 Passageways utilize barrel and groin vaults
 AMPHITHEATERS were popular throughout the Roman Empire as a way to
entertain the masses; POMPEII had an amphitheater before Rome although it
was smaller and has grass growing around it today.
L. Arch of Titus
 Commemorates when Titus’s conquest of Jerusalem in 70 CE
 Famous relief shows Roman soldiers taking the treasures of the Temple in
Jerusalem
M. Faiyum Portraits
 Portraits of Roman citizens discovered in Faiyum, Egypt
 Painted in ENCAUSTIC (painting with melted wax) onto wooden panels
 Fastened over the head of a mummy case.
 Faiyum portraits are renowned for their naturalism such as the modeling of the
human face with shadow and light.
N. Trajan’s Forum
 A FORUM was a civic center. Trajan’s Forum was the biggest.
 Designed by Apollodorus of Damascus (famous architect who was later
assassinated by order of Hadrian for being too critical of his designs)
 Included a basilica, Temple of Trajan, marketplace, and Trajan’s Column
O. Trajan’s Column
 625 foot frieze
 Depicts Trajan’s military campaigns against the Dacians
 Base of the column functions as Trajan’s tomb (holds his and his wife’s ashes)
P. Pantheon
 Built by Hadrian in the early 2nd century








A building dedicated to several Roman deities
Includes a portico
Includes a rotunda (dome and drum)
Interior of dome contains coffers (recessed panels)
Dome contains an oculus (opening in the dome for light)
Constructed of several mixtures of concrete from the foundation to the top of the
dome
Dome is supported by eight large concrete piers that are a part of the drum
An influential building in art history
Q. Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius
 EQUESTRIAN STATUE – statue of an individual on a horse
 Marcus Aurelius was saved because Medieval authorities was believed it to be a
portrait of Constantine, the Roman emperor who legalized Christianity
 Made of bronze
 During the Renaissance era, it was placed as the centerpiece of a civic area
R. Baths of Caracalla
 Built during the Late Empire
 One of largest Roman bathhouses
 Used fenestrated groin vaults (groin vaults that have openings on the side for
windows) to provide light for the interior
S. Portrait of the Tetrarchs
 Made during the Late Empire during the time of Diocletian
 Depicts four TETRARCHS – four Roman emperors who shared power by
dividing the Roman Empire into sections
 Portrays the emperors as anonymous and equal leaders
T. Palace of Diocletian at Split
 Diocletian, founder of the Tetrarchy, retired and built a fortress-home.
 Part of the palace included a temple area which had ROUND ARCHES
SUPPORTED BY COLUMNS rather than block piers – an UNUSUAL and
noteworthy feature.
U. Colossal head of Constantine
 Portrays Constantine as eternally youthful
 Powerful image of authority for the Roman Empire
 Part of a colossal statue of Constantine in the main hall of the BASILICA NOVA
(A basilica was a large rectangular building which had courtrooms and
government offices) as a reminder of Constantine’s power
 It is believed that with one hand he held a scepter and in the other he held an
orb representing his power over the world (a cross may have surmounted the
orb)
ROLLING REVIEW:
1. ZIGGURAT
 A temple mound made out of mud bricks
2. Victory Stele of Naram-Sin
 STELE - upright stone marker that is a record of an important event.
 Depicts the victory of a Mesopotamian king, NARAM-SIN, over the Lullubi
people, who lived in the mountains.
3. Dying Lioness
 Assyrian bas relief that would have been displayed on the interior walls of a
PALACE
 Illustrates the Assyrian kings’ ritual hunts
4. Palette of Narmer
 Recorded the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt through force.
5. Step Pyramid of Djoser
 Designed by Imhotep, history’s first recorded architect
6. Seated Scribe
 Famous Old Kingdom sculpture
 Naturalism in his body (facial expression, obesity) is typical of people of
lesser status
 Discovered in his MASTABA
7. Hatshepsut
 First great female pharaoh whose name was recorded
 Had an elaborate, three-tiered mortuary temple made in her honor
8. Pylon temple
 Type of Egyptian temple dedicated to a specific god(s)
 Pylon - monumental entrance of the temple
 Popular in the New Kingdom
9. Akhenaton
 New Kingdom pharaoh whose reign had a short but emphatic impact on
Egyptian art.
 Artwork produced during his reign is called the AMARNA style.
10. Bust of Nefertiti
 Queen of Pharaoh Akhenaton
 Elongated head, thin neck, heavy eyelids, and thick lips are Amarna
characteristics
11. Fowling Scene from Nebamun’s Tomb
 New Kingdom wall painting from tomb of a noble named Nebamun
 Nebamun is depicted with plenty of birds to hunt and joined by his wife and
daughter
 Demonstrates the interest of Egyptians in providing entertainment for the
KA in the afterlife
12. Cycladic figures
 Stylized and schematized sculptures usually depicting females
13. Toreador Fresco (Bull-leaping Fresco)
 Minoan work of art
 Discovered in the Palace of Knossos
 Fresco – a painting done on plaster that is still wet
14. Harvester Vase
 Minoan vase that depicts a parade of people celebrating the harvest
 Depicts interest in portraying realistic HUMAN ANATOMY for first time in
art history
15. Tholos
 Mycenaean (Greek) tomb that influenced other buildings such as the Roman
Temple of Vesta (circular-plan temple).
 Tholoi usually had an entrance reinforced by stone walls in the side of the
hill; the doorway had a relieving triangle formed by a corbelled arch
16. New York Kouros
 Statue of a young man in the nude; First large, free-standing nude statue in
history
 Used as a grave marker
 Created during the Greek Archaic period (6th century BCE).
17. Death of Sarpedon
 Story from the Trojan War of saving the dead body of a son of Zeus after he
was killed in battle
 Depicted on a KRATER
 Example of the RED-FIGURE style
18. Peripteral Greek temple has columns all the way around. A dipteral temple has
columns on two sides (ex. Temple of Athena Nike). A pseudo-peripteral temple does
not have columns all the way around but has engaged columns to look like it (ex.
Roman Temple of Portunus)
19. Theater at Epidauros
 Greek theater used for plays on religious holidays.
 Renowned for its harmonious proportions
 Its semi-circular shape, which was standard for Greek theaters.
20. CARYATID - female shaped column.
21. Battle of Issus (Alexander Mosaic)
 Discovered decorating the floor in the House of the Faun (a Roman home) in
Pompeii
 It was based upon a Hellenistic painting that does not survive.
 It depicts Alexander’s defeat of the Persian king Darius III
22. Nike of Samothrace (Winged Victory) and Seated Boxer are Hellenistic works of art.
23. Laocoon and His Sons
 Hellenistic sculptural group based on the story of the Trojan priest who was
killed by snakes sent by Athena for trying to warn the Trojans not to take in
the horse left by the Greeks
 Exemplifies the Hellenistic interest in high drama, expressionism, and
realism
24. Seated Boxer
 Hellenistic statue that depicts an older boxer with scars
 His slumping position and realistic body details demonstrates the interest that
Hellenistic Greek artists had with realism and everyday people.
25. Old Woman
 Hellenistic sculpture of an old woman on her way to perform a sacrifice to
Dionysus
 Her curved posture and wrinkles demonstrate Hellenistic interest in realism
and everyday people
26. Athena Wrestling Alkyoneos
 Part of a frieze on the ALTAR OF ZEUS from Pergamon
 Hellenistic work of art depicts the interest in drama and expressionism
 Depicts part of a story called the GIGANTOMACHY, when the Olympic
gods needed to defeat the Giants who were threatening the world