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Alexander the Great 5.4 Notes The Peloponnesian War •  War between Athens and Sparta over wealth, pres,ge, and power. –  Lasted from 431 to 404 B.C. •  Advantages of Athens –  Stronger navy •  Athenian Strategy –  Avoid large baFles on land and hope to use ships to aFack the Spartans. Peloponnesian War •  Sparta’s advantages –  Stronger army. •  Sparta leads a land campaign and sweep through Athens destroying their food supplies. •  War ended with a truce between Sparta and Athens. More fighMng •  Peace does not last too long. •  In 415 B.C. Athens sends 20,000 soldiers to Sicily where they will aFack Syracuse, one of Sparta's important economic partner. •  Outcome: The Athenians suffer many loses and are defeated by the Spartans •  Athens eventually loses their en,re empire. Phillip II •  King Phillip II – King of Macedonia: Kingdom of mountain villages north of Greece. •  Wanted to take over Greece and Persia to gain its wealth. –  Macedonians call themselves Greek; rest of Greece does not Victory over Greece •  Relied on phalanxes and fast-­‐moving cavalry to break through enemy lines. •  Defeated the Greeks at BaFle of Chaeronea –  End of Greek independence Alexander the Great •  Alexander the Great takes over a\er the death of this father. •  Tutored by Aristotle, inspired by the Iliad, and received military training •  Becomes king when 20 years old; –  destroys Thebes to prevent areas from rebelling against him Invasion of Persia •  334 B.C. Alexander aFacks and defeats Persians at Granicus River •  Darius III—king of Persia, assembles army of 50,000–75,000 men •  Alexander defeats Persians again at Issus, forces King of Persia to flee –  Gains control over Anatolia. Conquering the Persian Empire •  Alexander marches into Egypt, crowned pharaoh in 332 B.C. –  Viewed as a liberator •  At Gaugamela in Mesopotamia, Alexander defeats Persians again –  Alexander captures ciMes of Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis: the Persian capital, burned to the ground –  signal total destrucMon of Persian Empire Expanding the Empire •  Alexander fights his way across the deserts of Central Asia to India •  Alexander conquers Indus Valley area in 326 B.C. –  Reluctantly returns to Babylon, dies in 323 B.C. Alexander’s Legacy •  Alexander melds Greek and Persian cultures –  His wife is Persian •  Empire becomes three kingdoms: –  Macedonia, Greek city-­‐states –  Egypt –  Old Persia, also known as Seleucid kingdom