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Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________ Classical Greece Section 4 MAIN IDEA Alexander the Great formed a huge empire, spread Greek culture into Egypt and many parts of Asia, and paved the way for a new civilization to develop in those areas. Key Terms and People Alexander the Great Macedonian leader who ruled Greece and conquered Persia Hellenistic Greeklike; describes a culture that was no longer purely Greek, but included elements from Persia, Egypt, Central Asia, and other regions Euclid Egyptian who formulated many of the geometry ideas we still learn today Eratosthenes Egyptian scientist who calculated the size of the world, arriving at a figure remarkably close to the actual circumference of the globe Archimedes one of the ancient world’s greatest inventors, used mathematics and physics to create devices that would make life easier Taking Notes As you read the summary, use a graphic organizer like the one below to take notes on Alexander’s empire and the Hellenistic world. Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Full Survey Chapter 5 57 Interactive Reader and Study Guide Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________ Classical Greece Section 4 Section Summary ALEXANDER THE GREAT In 359 BC, King Philip II took power in Macedonia, the country just north of Greece. He reorganized the army. Then he set out to conquer Greece. Most citystates did not realize the danger, so he faced little opposition. The Macedonians quickly crushed the armies that stood against them, and conquered every major Greek city-state except Sparta. King Philip was assassinated in 336 BC, so his 20 year old son took over. We now know him as Alexander the Great. Alexander had been trained to rule from birth, so he was ready to lead. As soon as he took over, there were rebellions in Greece. He used harsh measures to reestablish his rule: when Thebes rebelled, he crushed its army and burned the city. After getting Greece under control, he went into Asia to fight the large but disorganized Persian army. Alexander’s army was smaller but well-trained and loyal. He won several major victories in Asia Minor, then went into Phoenicia and Egypt, which were also ruled by Persia. He was greeted as a liberator; the Egyptians even made him pharaoh. He then marched into what is now Iraq, where he destroyed the Persian army. But he was not yet satisfied. He led his army deeper into Central Asia, to the Indus river. At that point his soldiers had had enough, so Alexander turned back. Alexander built a huge empire, but in 323 he fell ill and died at age 33. He had not named an heir, so his generals fought among themselves for power. In the end, the empire was divided among three of them: Antigonus ruled Macedonia and Greece, Seleucis (suh-LOO-kuhs) took over the former Persian Empire, and Ptolemy (TAHL-uh-mee) ruled Egypt. THE HELLENISTIC WORLD By creating a huge new empire, Alexander brought about a new culture, blending elements from Greece, Persia, Egypt, Central Asia and other regions. Historians call this culture Hellenistic, or Greeklike. Alexander worked to bring people and ideas together. He appointed officials from various cultures to help rule. He also built dozens of new cities (most Why was Philip II able to conquer Greece so easily? _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ Underline the places that Alexander the Great conquered. Why do you think Alexander made such a strong effort to blend the cultures in his empire? _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Full Survey Chapter 5 58 Interactive Reader and Study Guide Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________ Classical Greece Section 4 named Alexandria) throughout the empire and encouraged Greeks to move to them. The most famous of these was in Egypt at the mouth of the Nile. It became Egypt’s capital and at one time had the busiest harbor in the world. Palaces and monuments were built, such as the Pharos lighthouse and the great library. It became a center for culture and learning. Many other cities throughout the empire also became trading centers. Traders went to East Africa, Arabia, India, and even China. Traders helped spread not only goods but ideas like the teachings of Judaism. The shift to a Hellenistic world brought drastic changes to people’s lives. Perhaps most importantly, the city-state was no longer the main political unit. Traditional forms of government such as democracy were replaced with monarchy. Women’s lives also changed: for the first time, they were given the rights to be educated and to own property. HELLENISTIC ACHIEVEMENTS The blending of cultures in the Hellenistic world led to an exchange of ideas, which then led to advances in philosophy, literature, and science. Interest in philosophy spread, and new schools of philosophy developed. One was the Cynics. They rejected pleasure, wealth, and social responsibility, believing people should live according to nature. The Epicureans, on the other hand, thought people should seek out pleasure and try to avoid pain. Stoics emphasized reason, self-discipline, emotional control and personal morality. Artists in this period learned to convey emotion and movement in their works. Women became much more common subjects of art. This was also true in literature, where love stories became popular for the first time. There were also important advances in science, especially in Egypt. Euclid formulated many ideas about geometry, while Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the globe. Others studied the movement of the stars and the workings of the human body. Archimedes, one of the greatest inventors of the ancient world, used math and physics to design machines such as pulleys to lift heavy loads and a mechanical screw for drawing water out of a well. How did life change in cities in the Hellenistic world? _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ What was the focus of each of the three new schools of philosophy? _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Full Survey Chapter 5 59 Interactive Reader and Study Guide