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Erosion at work SEDIMENT SORTING EROSION Erosion is the process of moving sediment from one location to another. The most important force of erosion is gravity. The most important agent of erosion is water. AGENTS OF EROSION - WATER Running Water – sediments that have been transported through running water appear rounded and smooth and are deposited in sorted piles. Sorting Boulders Cobbles Gravel Sand Silt Clay AGENTS OF EROSION - WATER Suspension - the moving water picks up small, less dense particles and carries them along. Saltation - particles with medium size and density bounce along the river bottom. Rolling - the water can help particles with large size and density roll along the bottom of the river. AGENTS OF EROSION - WATER Water erodes sediment on the outside curves and deposits (drops) sediment on the inside curves. NIAGARA FALLS AGENTS OF EROSION - ICE Glaciers – sediments that have been transported by glaciers appear scratched and grooved. They are deposited in completely unsorted piles, because they were dropped during melting. Large boulders can only be transported by glaciers. AGENTS OF EROSION – ICE/WATER U-shaped valleys are made by a glacier. V-shaped valleys are made by running water. AGENTS OF EROSION - WATER Waves - move in the ocean and pick up rocks. The rocks rub together eventually making sand. If the waves hit land, the water can tear away at the land because it is carrying the rock particles. AGENTS OF EROSION- WIND Wind - sediments transported by wind are deposited in sorted piles. Only very small particles can usually be transported by the wind. Wind erosion is dirt and other particles that are blown around eventually reshaping the land. FORCE OF EROSION Gravity – sediments that are transported by gravity are found in piles at the bottom of cliffs or steep slopes. They appear angular (jagged) and unsorted. Erosion leads to… DEPOSITION WHAT IS DEPOSITION? ●Keyword = Drop-off or deposit ●The dropping off (depositing) of rock particles and earth materials (also called sedimentation) FACTORS THAT AFFECT DEPOSITION ●Particle Size ●Particle Density ●Particle Shape ●Settling Rate & Settling Time PARTICLE SIZE ●Large particles: settle quickly ●Small particles: settle slowly ●Tiny particles: only settle out when water is saturated (can’t hold any more of it) or evaporates IN WHAT ORDER WILL THESE PARTICLES SETTLE? A B C C D B D PARTICLE DENSITY ● If particles have the same shape and size... …the denser particles will settle more quickly. PARTICLE SHAPE ● Depends upon friction (interaction) between water and particle surface Flat, irregular particles Small, rounded particles More surface area Less surface area Settle more slowly Settle more quickly HOW ARE PARTICLES SORTED? ● When particles are dropped off, they get sorted (arranged) in a certain way. ● There are 2 types of sorting: 1. Horizontal Sorting 2. Vertical Sorting HORIZONTAL SORTING BY DENSITY AND SIZE Rivers, streams, and oceans carry sediments and deposit them on the basis of density and size and shape. • • • Large, round, densest sediments deposit first Small, flat, less dense sediments second With evaporation, suspended sediment falls VERTICAL SORTING ●Usually found underwater ●Sorting goes from bottom to top: Largest to Smallest ●Graded layers can be created, indicating distinct depositional events 3rd layer 2nd layer 1st layer SPECIFIC SORTING ●Streams: Sometimes when a stream enters a lake, deposits are fanned out in a triangular shape (delta) ●Glaciers: large rocks moved without being broken into smaller pieces – rocks are dropped at the edge as a glacier melts SORTING DATA CHART Look at each picture and describe what type of sediments are present and how the sediments settled out. Fill in the chart with your data. # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Type of sediments How or why it settled: PICTURE #1 PICTURE #2 PICTURE #3 PICTURE #4 PICTURE #5 PICTURE #6 PICTURE #7 PICTURE #8 PICTURE #9