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The Civil War
By: Terrence Burse, Avery Bundy,
Ryan Dixon
The Battle of 1st Bull Run
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In July 1861 the northern
newspapers pressured President
Lincoln to bring a quick end to the
rebellion of the southern states.
Adding to the strain was Lincoln's
awareness that the ninety-day
enlistments of the recruits who had
responded to his call to arms after
the attack on Fort Sumter were
rapidly coming to an end.
Something had to be done, and
soon. Lincoln pressed for action.
The Union troops were indeed
inadequately trained. It took over
two days for them to march twentytwo miles south.
The Battle of Ft. Sumter
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In 1860, South Carolina became the
first state to secede from the United
States. As more states followed suit
and the Confederate States of
America took shape, many federal
installations in the South were
taken over by state governments.
Fort Sumter, in the harbor of
Charleston, South Carolina,
continued to fly the U.S. flag, even
as Confederate forces surrounded
it. Lincoln decided to resupply the
fort but not reinforce it, unless
resistance was met. After
negotiations failed, the first shot
was fired on April 12, 1861, in a
bombardment that resulted in the
fort's surrender. With that shot the
Civil War began.
The Battle of Gettysburg
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On June 24, 1863, General Robert E.
Lee led his Confederate Army
across the Potomac River and
headed towards Pennsylvania. In
response to this threat President
Lincoln replaced his army
commander, General Joseph
Hooker, with General George Mead.
As Lee's troops poured into
Pennsylvania, Mead led the Union
Army north from Washington.
Meade's effort was inadvertently
helped by Lee's cavalry
commander, Jeb Stuart, who,
instead of reporting Union
movements to Lee, had gone off on
a raid deep in the Union rear. This
action left Lee blind to the Union's
position. When a scout reported the
Union approach, Lee ordered his
scattered troops to converge west
of the small village of Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania.
The Emancipation Proclamation
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resident Abraham Lincoln issued the
Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863,
as the nation approached its third year of bloody
civil war. The proclamation declared "that all
persons held as slaves" within the rebellious
states "are, and henceforward shall be free."
Despite this expansive wording, the
Emancipation Proclamation was limited in many
ways. It applied only to states that had seceded
from the Union, leaving slavery untouched in the
loyal border states. It also expressly exempted
parts of the Confederacy that had already come
under Northern control. Most important, the
freedom it promised depended upon Union
military victory.
Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not
end slavery in the nation, it captured the hearts
and imagination of millions of Americans and
fundamentally transformed the character of the
war. After January 1, 1863, every advance of
federal troops expanded the domain of freedom.
Moreover, the Proclamation announced the
acceptance of black men into the Union Army
and Navy, enabling the liberated to become
liberators. By the end of the war, almost 200,000
black soldiers and sailors had fought for the
Union and freedom.
The Battle of Chancellorsville 1863
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he Battle of Chancellorsville occurred
between April 26, 1863 through May 6,
1863. It is considered by many to be Robert
E. Lee's greatest victory in the United States
Civil War. As the Confederate commanderin-chief of the Army of Northern Virginia, Lee
gained a victory at Chancellorsville through
aggressive strategy using a smaller army
then the opposing Union forces. He also had
the assistance of valuable generals such as
Jubal Early and "Stonewall" Jackson.
Lee's opponent in this battle was Joseph
Hooker. He had been made commander of
the Army of the Potomac in January 1863.
Success for the Union forces had been
evasive and the army was suffering from low
morale, especially following the Union defeat
at Fredericksburg. Desertion and
insubordination was high in the Army of the
Potomac. Joseph Hooker soon raised
morale and the number of soldiers to almost
134,000 troops with over 400 artillery
pieces. This was over twice the size of the
60,000 troops under Robert E. Lee.
The Battle of the Ironclads, 1862
One of the North's first acts at the
outset of the Civil War was the
attempt to force the Confederacy
into submission by blockading its
ports. The objective was to deny
the South access to supplies and
to shut down its export of cotton to
England - its major source of
revenue. To counter this threat,
the Confederacy began to build a
fleet of ships clothed in iron panels
that made them impervious to
enemy cannon fire. Armed with an
underwater ram, these ships were
designed to slam into and sink the
enemy's wooden vessels.
Virginia Secedes
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April 12, 1861,Confederate forces attacked Fort
Sumter, located off the coast of South Carolina.
Fort Sumter was one of the few forts in the
South that was still controlled by the
Union. Union troops were forced to surrender
the fort to the Confederates. Virginians
celebrated this Confederate victory but
President Lincoln viewed the attack as an act of
civil war. A civil war is a war between two
groups in the same country. Lincoln called for
volunteers to join the Union army to take back
Fort Sumter. The decision to use force against
the Southern states had far-reaching effects.
On April 17, 1861, Virginia decided to secede
from the Union. Many delegates, especially
those from the eastern counties of Virginia, felt
that Lincoln's decision to use force was an act
of war. The leaders of the Confederate Army
was so grateful for Virginia's support, they
immediately moved the capital of the
Confederacy from Montgomery, Alabama, to
Richmond, Virginia.
Virginia became the largest Confederate
state. It had as many factories as the rest of the
Confederate states put together. An iron works
in Richmond would make most of the bombs,
cannon balls, and heavy ammunition used by
the Confederate army.
The South Secedes
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When Abraham Lincoln was elected as
president in 1860. Southerners
thought the government was
becoming too strong. They did not
think the government had the right to
tell them how they should live.
Southerners felt if they stayed in the
United States, the North would control
them. Some southern states decided
they had no choice. They decided to
secede, or leave, the United States.
South Carolina was the first to leave
the Union and form a new nation
called the Confederate States of
America. Four months later, six other
states seceded. They were Georgia,
Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Texas
and Louisiana. Later Virginia,
Arkansas, North Carolina, and
Tennessee joined them. The people of
these states elected Jefferson Davis
as president of the Confederacy.
The Battle of shiloh,1862
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In April 1862 General Ulysses S.
Grant's army was encamped
along the Tennessee River just
north of the Mississippi border;
poised to strike a blow into the
heartland of the South. Grant had
been at this location for about a
month, awaiting the arrival of
additional troops under General
Buell before he began his march
southward. Twenty miles to the
south, in Corinth, Mississippi,
Confederate General Albert
Sidney Johnston ordered his
troops northward with the plan of
attacking Grant before Buell
arrived. The stage was set for one
of the Civil War's bloodiest battles.
Gettysburg Address, 1863
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Fourscore and seven years ago
our fathers brought forth on this
continent a new nation, conceived
in liberty and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are
created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great
civil war, testing whether that
nation or any nation so conceived
and so dedicated can long endure.
We are met on a great battlefield
of that war. We have come to
dedicate a portion of that field as a
final resting-place for those who
here gave their lives that that
nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should
do this.
Appomattox
• (April 9, 1865) was the
final engagement of
Confederate General
Robert E. Lee's Army of
Northern Virginia before it
surrendered to the Union
Army under Lt. Gen.
Ulysses S. Grant near the
end of the American Civil
War.
The Assassination of Lincoln
• April 14, 1865
Shortly after 10 p.m. on April
14, 1865, actor John Wilkes
Booth entered the presidential
box at Ford's Theatre in
Washington D.C., and fatally
shot President Abraham
Lincoln. As Lincoln slumped
forward in his seat, Booth leapt
onto the stage and escaped
through the back door. A doctor
in the audience rushed over to
examine the paralyzed
president. Lincoln was then
carried across the street to
Petersen's Boarding House,
where he died early the next
morning.
The “new birth of Freedom” 13th
14th 15th” Amendment
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13th Neither slavery
nor involuntary servitude,
except as a punishment for crime
whereof the party shall have been
duly convicted, shall exist
within the United States,
or any place subject
to their jurisdiction.14th All persons born or
naturalized in the United States,
and subject to the jurisdiction
thereof, are citizens of the United
States and of the State wherein
they reside. 15th The right of citizens
of the United States to vote
shall not be denied or abridged
by the United States or by any State
on account of race, color,
or previous condition of servitude.
Grants victory at Vicksburg
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The Civil War divided our nation, Americans
fighting Americans, brother against brother.
The war lasted four long years before the
Confederate surrender at Appomattox, VA.
Many historians say that a key battle fought
westward was the turning point in the war:
the Battle of Vicksburg. President Abraham
Lincoln had declared "Vicksburg is the
key...the war can never be brought to a
close until that key is in our pocket."
On bluffs 250 feet high, the city of Vicksburg,
MS, overlooks the Mississippi River on the
Louisiana-Mississippi state boundary. The
river was a key supply route for the
Confederate forces in the West. These
forces at Vicksburg, commanded by
Lieutenant General John Clifford
Pemperton, obtained soldiers and supplies
from Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, and the
Mississippi Yazoo Delta district. Vicksburg
was one of the war’s great fortified
strongholds. On the high bluffs, Confederate
forces positioned artillery batteries ready to
challenge the passage of Union ships.
Gaining control of Vicksburg and the
Mississippi River would open a major supply
artery for the Union forces. The Union Navy
accepted the Vicksburg challenge.
Sherman’s “ march to the sea”
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Sherman's March to the Sea.
General Grant arranged two
campaigns for the year 1864.
One, under his own immediate
direction, was for the seizure of
Richmond, the Confederate
capital; the other was for the
seizure of Atlanta, Ga., the focus
of several converging railways.
The latter expedition was led by
General Sherman. His army
numbered nearly 100,000 men,
comprising the Army of the
Cumberland, led by Gen. George
H. Thomas; the Army of the
Tennessee, commanded by Gen.
J. R. McPherson: and the Army of
the Ohio, led by Gen. J. M.
Schofield.
Grant’s Campaign in Virginia, 1864
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Grant's final plan for the great 1864
campaign pressed the Confederacy on all
sides. In the eastern theater, the Army of the
Potomac would advance against General
Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia.
Two smaller forces would "hold a leg": Major
General Franz Sigel would advance up the
Shenandoah Valley while Major General
Benjamin F. Butler would conduct an
amphibious operation against the
Richmond-Petersburg area. Unfortunately,
Sigel and Butler were political generals, men
of little or no military ability who held
important commands exclusively because
they had strong influence with
constituencies important to the Union war
effort. (Sigel was a hero among the GermanAmerican community, Butler an important
Democrat.) Grant would have been justified
in expecting nothing at all from these men.
Instead he pinned many of his hopes for the
upcoming Virginia campaign on the belief
that both would perform capably. Grant gave
Butler an especially significant role: he
anticipated that Butler's army would be able
to seize the important railroad town of
Petersburg and perhaps even capture
Richmond itself.
The Battles for the capitals: 7-days
and Antieham
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The year 1862 began with high hopes in
Washington that the Confederate capital at
Richmond, Virginia, would be captured and
the war brought to a successful conclusion.
A large, well-equipped force, the Army of the
Potomac, had been organized and in the
spring set out for the Union enclave at Fort
Monroe, Virginia. Commanded by Maj. Gen.
George B. McClellan, the Army of the
Potomac then marched up the Virginia
peninsula to lay siege to Richmond; other
smaller commands remained in northern
Virginia and the Shenandoah Valley to
maintain security for the Federal capital.
However, instead of Union success, the
spring and summer saw a string of
Confederate victories in Virginia. In May and
June a small Confederate force commanded
by Maj. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall"
Jackson separately defeated three small
union commands in the Shenandoah Valley,
threatening the security of Washington. To
better defend the capital and possibly assist
in the attack on Richmond, President
Abraham Lincoln ordered that these three
commands be consolidated into a force to
be known as the Army of Virginia.
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Grant appointed Commander of all
Union forces( Sherman and Total
War
Sherman served under General
Ulysses S. Grant in 1862 and 1863
during the campaigns that led to the
fall of the Confederate stronghold of
Vicksburg on the Mississippi River and
culminated with the routing of the
Confederate armies in the state of
Tennessee. In 1864, Sherman
succeeded Grant as the Union
commander in the western theater of
the war. He proceeded to lead his
troops to the capture of the city of
Atlanta, a military success that
contributed to the re-election of
President Abraham Lincoln. Sherman's
subsequent march through Georgia
and the Carolinas further undermined
the Confederacy's ability to continue
fighting. He accepted the surrender of
all the Confederate armies in the
Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida in April
1865.
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changes to the nation:
political,economic,costs of the war
1865
Total war has been the costliest pastime of
the total state in the twentieth century.
Recognizing war as “the health of the state,”
modern nation-states have enhanced their
power by waging war, and they have
achieved total power in part by successfully
waging total war. The modern state’s ability
to wage sustained total war depends directly
on its ability to mobilize its physical
resources over extended periods,
demanding of its people as much of their
labor and wealth as they will tolerate
surrendering without rebellion. As Bertrand
de Jouvenel observed at the end of the
Second World War, under these conditions
“the whole nation becomes a weapon of war
wielded by the state; and the proportion
engaged on warlike tasks is limited only by
the need to keep it alive" Total war in the
twentieth century has entailed the
mobilization of industry, finances, and
manpower, and even of the media, the arts,
the academy, and the church. Every tangible
and intangible resource has become a
potential resource for warfare among
governments unwilling to recognize the
difference between soldier and civilian,
public and private, war and peace.