* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Community Interactions and Populations
Biogeography wikipedia , lookup
Renewable resource wikipedia , lookup
Occupancy–abundance relationship wikipedia , lookup
Introduced species wikipedia , lookup
Island restoration wikipedia , lookup
Latitudinal gradients in species diversity wikipedia , lookup
Storage effect wikipedia , lookup
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project wikipedia , lookup
Biodiversity action plan wikipedia , lookup
Restoration ecology wikipedia , lookup
History of wildlife tracking technology wikipedia , lookup
Habitat conservation wikipedia , lookup
Reconciliation ecology wikipedia , lookup
Ecological fitting wikipedia , lookup
Coevolution wikipedia , lookup
Ecological succession wikipedia , lookup
Community Interactions QUICK REVIEW •What is community? •What is population? Community Interactions • Powerfully affect an ecosystem • Include: – Competition – Predation – Symbiosis Competition • When organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource at the same place and the same time – Resource any necessity to life – Plants and animals compete – Winner and losers • Interspecific competition – Competition between same two species – When 2 or more species rely on same limited resource in a community – Ex. African savannah Rules, rules, rules • Fundamental rule in ecology – Competitive Exclusion Principle • Russian biologist G.F. Gause – Paramecium caudatum vs. Paramecium aurelia • 2 species so similar in requirements that the same resource limits both population’s growth, and one species may succeed over another • No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat and the same time • Prevents competition Niche • Each species unique living arrangement in a community • “Role” • Ex. Lizards in a rainforest • Includes: – Habitat – Food sources – Time of day organism is most active Predation • Interaction where an organism captures and feeds on another organism • Predator – Organism that does the killing and eating • Prey – Organism that is being killed and eaten (victim) Predator Adaptations • • • • Speed Agility Coloring/camouflage to ambush prey Packs/teams – Ex. Wolves • Acute senses – Ex. Rattle snake heat sensor organs • Claws, teeth, fangs, stingers, poison Prey adaptations • • • • Safe locations Flee Coloring/camouflage to hide Defensive coloration – “warning coloration” • Mimicry – Organisms imitate dangerous organisms by appearance and actions • Hawk moth larva • Plants – Thorns, spines, poisonous chemicals Symbiosis • Any relationship where two species live closely together • Symbiosis literally means “living together” • 3 main types – Parasitism – Mutualism – commensalism What type of relationship is this? • Who is helping who? Mutualism • Both species benefit from the relationship • A Happy couple • Flowers and bees – Flowers need bees for pollination, bees need flowers nectar What type of relation ship is going on here? • Who is helping who? Commensalism • One member of the relationship benefits while the other is neither harmed nor helped • One-sided • Food or shelter • Barnacles on whale Ants and aphids What type of interaction is going on here? Parasitism • One organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it • Parasite obtains all or part of its nutrients from the other organism • Host – Organism that is harmed in relation ship; the one that provides the nutrients to the parasite • Parasite – Organism that gets its nutrients from the host • Do they want to kill their host? – No, because they need them…they will weaken or hurt the host in some way Recap • What are the three types of interactions in a community? – Competition – Predation – Symbiosis • What types do we have? – Mutualism – Commensalism – Parasitism Ecological Succession • Do all ecosystems stay the same all the time? • What are some things that cause changes to ecosystems? – Natural and unnatural – Quickly and slowly • Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to human and natural disturbances. • As an ecosystem changes, older habitants die out and new organisms move in, causing more change Ecological Succession • Series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time – Physical environment – Natural disturbance – Human disturbance Primary Succession • Succession on land that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists • Volcanic eruptions • Glaciers melting Stages of Primary Succession • Start with no soil, just ash and rock • First species to populate this area – “pioneer species” – For example, pioneer species on volcanic rock are lichens (LY-kunz) • Lichens made up of fungus and algae that can grow on bare rock • When lichens die, they for organic material that becomes soil…now plants can grow Secondary Succession • Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil • Natural – hurricane – fires • Human disturbances – Farming – Forest clearing Succession in Marine Ecosystems • Deep and dark • Can succession happen? • 1987 dead whale off of California – Unique community of organisms living in remains – Represents stage in succession in an otherwise stable, deep-sea ecosystem – Whale-fall community Whale-Fall Succession • Begins when large whale dies – Sinks to barren ocean floor – Scavengers and decomposers flock to carcass , our first community • Amphipods • Hagfish • sharks • After a year, most tissues have been eaten – Now, second small community of organisms live here – Body is decomposing, releasing nutrients into the water • • • • Small fishes Crabs Snails worms • Only skeleton remains… – Third community moves in • Heterotrophic bacteria • Decompose oil in bones release of chemical compounds • Who uses these chemical compounds? – Chemoosynthetic autotrophs • In come the crabs, clams, and worms that feed on this bacteria Human Activity and Species Diversity • Land clearing – Farmland – Diverse forest replaced with single crop – Decreases species diversity • Introduced species – Humans move a species from its native land to a new location, intentionally or accidentally Study Chapter 35, Population Ecology and Community Interactions Teacher,