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Poetry stanzas-an arrangement of a certain number of lines forming a poem Example: - Livie Killian moved away. I didn’t want her to go. We’d been friends since first grade. The farewell party was Thursday night At the Old Rock Schoolhouse. Punctuation: -Commas Use a comma before the conjunction to separate two independent clauses in a compound sentence. Example: We had been traveling for ten hours, so we were happy to reach the motel. Use a comma after a dependent clause when it comes at the beginning of a complex sentence. Example: When it rains, I have to use my umbrella. Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses in a series. Example: The dish included chicken, cream, and vegetables. Use commas to separate adjectives of equal rank. Do NOT use commas to separate adjectives that must stay in a specific order. Example: The tired, hungry hikers straggled back to camp. Use a comma after and introductory word, phrase, or clause. Example: Furthermore, you should have read the warning label. Example: Annoyed with the delay, Uncle Al became grumpy. When a date is made up of two or more parts, use a comma after EACH item. Example: Thursday, March 30, 2012, was opening night. When a geographical name is made up of two or more parts, use a comma after EACH item. Example: Cleveland, Ohio, is the home of the Browns football team. Use a comma after EACH item in an address made up of two or more parts. Example: I live at 106 Brook Hollow Road, San Antonio, TX 77854, but will be moving soon. Use a comma after the salutation in a personal letter and after the closing in all letters. Example: Dear Aunt Sue, Example: Yours truly, Debbie With numbers of more than three digits, use a comma after every third digit, counting from the right. *Do NOT use commas in zip codes, phone numbers, serial numbers, social security numbers, years, etc. Example: 3,085,254 Use commas to set off a direct quotation from the rest of the sentence. Example: “I hope,” Brenda said, “that we will be back in an hour.” Use commas to set off appositives from the rest of the sentence. *Remember, appositives are nouns or pronouns that identify or add information to nouns or pronouns. Example: The best racers, the fastest skiers, often live in a snowy and mountainous climate for most of their lives. A parenthetical expression is a word or phrase that is not essential to the meaning of the sentence. Use commas to set off parenthetical expressions. *this includes names or words of direct address Example: We know, Lucy, that you tried your best. *mild exclamations Example: My, it’s warm! *certain adverbs and transitional words Example: It seems clear, therefore, that there has been a mistake. *and common expressions Example: Several people, in fact, missed the opening number. -Apostrophes Use apostrophes to show where letters have been left out in a contraction. Example: can’t, won’t, she’ll, he’s Use apostrophes (and an s) to make nouns show possession. Example: It’s Sally’s book. *Remember: if the noun is singular add an ‘s if the noun is plural but doesn’t end in s add an ‘s (men’s) if the noun is plural and ends in an s only add the ‘ (dogs’) Capitalization Capitalize proper nouns (the names of specific people, places, or things). Example: Memorial Middle School Example: Jane Smith Capitalize titles if they come before a name. Example: Dr. Brown Capitalize the first letter of a sentence. Example: He went to the store. Capitalize titles of books, movies, etc, except small words such as: a, an, the, but, as, if, and, or, nor (unless they begin the title) Example: Out of the Dust Capitalize the opening and closings in letters. Example: Dear Friend, Capitalize subjects/classes if they have a number or are proper adjectives. Example: Spanish Example: Algebra II Parts of a sentence Noun-person, place, or thing -proper noun-a specific person, place, or thing. Example: Memorial Middle School, Ms. Weir, Apple computer, etc. -common noun-a non specific person, place, or thing. Example: school, principal, computer, etc. Subject-who or what a sentence is about, it’s always a noun or pronoun. Example: Sarah went shopping. -compound subject-when you have two or more subjects doing the same thing. Example: Sarah and Lucy went shopping. Verb-what the subject is doing. -action verb-when the subject is performing an action (physical or mental). Example: run, talk, think, etc. -linking verb-links the subject to a word or words that rename or describe it, usually be verbs. Example: The lady was happy. -“be” verbs-commonly used as linking verbs or helping verbs. Example: is, are, was, were, am, be, been, being -helping verb-the first verb in a verb phrase, helps show when the action is taking place, usually be verbs. Example: He was studying very hard. -verb phrase-when the verb is made up of more than one word, has a helping verb and a main verb. Example: He is running. -compound verb-when you have two or more separate verbs. Example: The man went to the grocery store and bought a cake. Adjective-describes a noun or pronoun. Example: It was a pretty day. Adverb-describes a verb, adjective, or other adverb. *but usually describes the verb Example: She wrote quickly. Preposition-shows the relationship between words in sentences. Example: to, from, around, beyond, above, etc. Prepositional Phrase-begins with a preposition and ends with the object of a preposition (a noun or pronoun). Example: The astronaut walked to the space shuttle. Direct Objects-a noun or pronoun that receives the action of a verb. It always comes after an action verb. Example: The boy hit the baseball. Indirect Objects-a noun or pronoun that comes after an action verb and before the direct object. It tells for whom or to whom the direct object is directed. Example: He gave us the money. Predicate Nominatives-a noun or pronoun that comes after a linking verb and renames or could replace the subject. Example: The girl was a student. Predicate Adjectives-an adjective that comes after a linking verb and describes the subject. Example: The dog was furry.