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GREECE Classical Civilization is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, collectively known as the Greco-Roman world. It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished and wielded great influence throughout Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Warm Up 1. HOW DID THE MAJOR RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS INFLUENCE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS? 1. Lay the foundations for political centralization and organization 2. Monument building 3. Written articulation of legal codes 4. Social classes 5. Economic Trade 6. Technology- Irrigation, weapons, math 7. Religion Ancient Greece In this Unit of Study over Greece: We will identify major causes and describe the major effects of the following events from 500 BC to AD 600: the development of the classical civilizations of Greece (1B) Locate places and regions of historical significance directly related to major eras and turning points in world history. (16A) Identify the characteristics democracy, republic, oligarchy (19B readiness) Describe the rights and responsibilities of citizens and noncitizens in civic participation throughout history (21 B readiness) Describe the changing roles of women, children, and families during major eras of world history. (24 A) Geography Sea – Peninsula – 1400 island Land – ¾ mountains and valleys – 20% suitable farm land Climate – 48-80 degrees Greece Europe Mediterranean Sea Africa 2. What are a few physical challenges that the Greek civilizations would have to overcome? Challenges for Greeks Trade on the water Farm land – enough food for the people — diet Fresh water Being united under one religion, leader (government), language, loyalty distance Mycenaean's Settled around 2000 BC warrior kings – Invaded Minoans on Crete & took ideas from their culture back Trade, writing, language, religion, decoration Trojan War Fell about 1200 BC Mycenaean's on Peloponnesus Minoans on island of Crete Helen The face that could launch a thousand ships! Dorian's 1150 to 750 BC – period of decline less advanced people no records exist oral stories – Homer Mythology Set of myths explain world around them Rich set of myths. Their mythology explains the actions of gods and events in nature. That is to say they used them to explain the mysteries of nature and the power of human passion. In Greek mythology, the gods often act like humans. They show feelings, such as love, hate, and jealousy. Unlike humans, though, the gods live forever. 621 BC IN ATHENS Draco and Draconian Law Although the exact legislation Draco (Drāco or Drăkōn) codified in Athens, Greece, is no longer known, legend states the laws were rigid and excessively harsh even for offenses as menial as idleness. Due to riots in Athens, the Alcmaeonidae (aristocratic rulers) decided that all laws that had been orally passed should be written in a plainly stated form so that a poor man could avoid breaking them. Until this time, blood feuds and oral laws which could be made up at any time were used across Athens and punishment was often carried out via vendettas. Only the upper classes were made aware of the laws. Draco was a legislator in Athens who was authorized by the Alcmaeonidae to write the law codes around 621 B.C. It marked the first time the laws in Athens were set down in writing and they were lauded for their impartiality. 594 BC - Solon’s reforms Following a war with the city of Megara, the aristocratic rulers were banished from Athens. Another legislator named Solon was authorized to re-write the laws of Athens to relieve the misery of the lower classes. Between approximately 594 to 614 B.C., the archon or magistrate began repealing the unnecessarily harsh penalties Draco had decreed for trivial crimes. Although he drastically reformed the legal system, Solon retained the death penalty as the punishment for homicide. Solon also freed Athenians who had been enslaved due to debt and returned their land. Although the changes were unpopular, Solon also reformed the monetary system, and weights and measures. Temple of Athena PERSIAN WAR 520 BC Persians, under Darius, attack Ionia 490 BC Athens wins Battle of Marathon 480-479 BC Xerxes loses to Athens, losing Persian War Athens uses the prestige gained during the war and the burst of entering wealth set eh stage for a dazzling birth of creativity in Athens which allowed it to enter its brief Golden Age. WHY SIGNIFICANT? Defeat of the largest Mesopotamian civilization which leads to the rise of the next great civilization the Greeks. 3. How would the Greeks be affected after the Persian Wars (490-479 BC)? New confidence and freedom for Greek city-states Examples 1. Athens begins a golden age and becomes leader of the 140 city-state Delian League 2. Pericles and Democracy in Athens leads to a golden age – Establishment of direct democracy, strengthening of navy and overseas trade, wealth used to create great works including the Parthenon The Acropolis GOLDEN AGE of ATHENS (The Age of Pericles) Arts and sciences reach new heights Pericles reforms Athens 1. Stronger democracy 2. Athenian Empire 3. Glorifying Athens Pericles Greek Statesman Pericles was the most prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens during the Golden Age—specifically, the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars 4. List some characteristics of Greek art. Classical art that addresses order, balance, and proportion Greek drama Growth of philosophy True knowledge exists in knowing that you know nothing. -Socrates 5. What does Socrates mean? How could this quote affect the people in Greece? COMPARING SPARTA & ATHENS warring city-states LOCATION & GEOGRAPHY inland – on Macedonia Peloponnesus near ancient Mycenae near coast in Attica Mediterranean Sea connected to port city of Piraeus GOVERNMENT Totalitarian military dictatorship Oligarchy - 2 monarchs Gerousia – Senate birthplace of direct democracy Agora – Market place & a place for assembly Assembly 5 Ephors • Leaders who "swore on behalf of the city" LAWS & RIGHTS controlled all aspects of life to serve and to excel made by Assembly Ostracizing – to exclude or banish jury trial many freedoms 6. How did the Greek legal traditions contribute to the development of contemporary political systems? Trial by a jury of your peers equal justice to all Need documents to accuse a person-Innocent until proven guilty Voting- Direct democracy (1person 1 vote) Passing laws Speaking at public meetings Participating in the government Paying taxes Serving in the military (Sparta – life-long career) Following (obeying) laws Written codes of laws (begun by Solon) Pericles extends democracy 7. Get an examples of Greek architecture that influenced American architecture? columns MAJOR OCCUPATIONS soldier merchant farmer manufacturer MILITARY TRAINING mandatory – Age 11 harsh, demanding cadet voluntary – one year reserves training was thorough Military Successes & Colonies and Allies all city-states in Marathon, Peloponnesus Salamis won war defeated Persian Empire Peloponnesian League Asia Minor colonies Delian League EDUCATION military school private tutors philosophers SOCIAL CLASSES Soldiers- men female citizens foreigners helots male citizens metics Females (non citizens) slaves 8. LIST THE RIGHTS & RESPONSIBILITIES OF CITIZENS & NONCITIZENS In Greece, because Greece was not united, this varied from city-state to city-state. Citizens – Men born free who owned property Rights for citizens included 1. Voting 2. Passing laws 3. Speaking at public meetings Non-citizens– non- citizens never could become a citizens 1. women (except Sparta) 2. Slaves 3. foreigners 9. What was the role of women, children and family in classical Greek city-states? Life and family in Greece 1. Families – social structure for most societies 2. Women and children – lack of power, influence, and inequality 3. Sparta boys sent to military school at young age SLAVERY helots worked shops & farms worked in in household or industry THE ARTS basic structures beauty was wimpy no drama or poetry classical forms downtown prettier than home idealized sculpture – Represent religion & their gods Iliad, Odyssey dramatists PELOPONNESIAN WAR Sparta vs. Athens CAUSES 1. Competition for power 2. No permanent unity 3. Spartan concerns of Athens IMPORTANT FACTORS 1. 2. 3. 4. Others helped- not just Sparta vs. Athens Strengths- brawn vs. brains plague long war- 27 years RESULTS 1. Many killed- entire generations gone 2. Weakened power of city-states leads to Phillip II of Macedonia arrives and conquers Greece Conquests bring about end of independent Greek city-states and blend Greek cultures with eastern cultures to establish the Hellenistic Age 3. Alexander the Great - 336 BC 4. Hellenistic Culture = spread of Greek, Persian, and Egyptian Civilization 9. Explain why the establishment of a Hellenistic Empire would be considered a great achievement? The distance that the Hellenistic culture covered and the fact that it preserved and spread Greek knowledge across 3 different continents CULTURAL DIFFUSION Hellenistic Era brings about advancements in trade, astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and art; Alexandria in Egypt is center of Hellenistic world, which is conquered by Rome in 150 BC Alexander the Great Videos Video #1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJNgQ BhAYQI Video #2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGPYV 4rKnCQ Exit Ticket = Thesis Statement Essay Prompt for Thesis Statement: Choose One 1. Compare and contrast Athens and Sparta and their influence on Greece’s cultural development? 2. Explain which city-state, Sparta or Athens, had the best form of government that was set up to succeed over time? (Oligarchy vs. Democracy)