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Transcript
10/23/2014 Inorganic vs. Organic Compounds C, H, N, and O make up almost all chemical compounds in living organisms. Organic compounds - contain carbon. Carbon Compounds Polymerize Polymerization - process by which large compounds are constructed by joining together smaller compounds (monomers). – Carbon can form long carbon chains by bonding to other carbon atoms. – Monomers are joined by chemical bonds to form polymers. – Very large polymers are called macromolecules. Unique because they are very strong/stable! Inorganic compounds - do not contain carbon. – Exception: CO2 Building macromolecules Dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions - reactions that joins two monomers into a polymer and involves the loss of water. Hydrolysis - reaction that breaks a polymer into monomers by using a water molecule. Carbon Carbon is a key component of biological macromolecules for two reasons: 1. Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons. – Allows them to form strong covalent bonds with many other elements. 2. Carbon atoms can bond to other carbon atoms. – Gives the ability to form chains, rings, multiple bonds, and millions of different large, complex structures. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides Carbohydrates - macromolecules that are composed of the atoms carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the proportion of 1:2:1. – 1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen. – Examples: sugars and starches. Monosaccharide – simple, single sugar molecule. – Examples: glucose (produced by green plants), fructose (fruits), and galactose (milk). – Sugars are important for living things because they contain a great deal of energy. 1 10/23/2014 Carbohydrates - Disaccharides Carbohydrates - reactions Disaccharide – 2 sugar molecules bonded together by a covalent bond. – Hydrolysis - reaction that breaks a disachharide into monosaccharides by using a water molecules. – Examples: lactose or sucrose. Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides Polysaccharides – macromolecules formed from linking many monosaccharides together. – Ex. Starch – a polysaccharide plants use to store energy; many glucose molecules bonded together. – Ex. Glycogen - stored form of glucose from starch; stored for energy in liver of animals. – Ex. Cellulose – chains of glucose, structurally different from starch, tough flexible molecule found in plants. Lipids - organic compounds that are oily or waxy. – Common examples: fats, oils, and waxes. – Lipids are made of C, H, and O (no ratio H to O). – Lipids function in energy storage, form biological membranes, and act as chemical messengers. Lipids have more energy than carbohydrates because lipids have more hydrogens bonded to the carbon chain. Nucleic acids - Polymers made of building blocks (monomers) called nucleotides. – Contain H, O, P, C, and N. – Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information. – Example – DNA and RNA. DNA has a deoxyribose sugar, RNA has a ribose sugar. Lipids Dehydration synthesis - reaction that joins two monosaccharides into a disaccharide and involves the loss of water. Types of Lipids Lipids are polymers made of monomers of fatty acids and glycerol. – Saturated Lipids: contain the maximum number of carbon to hydrogen bonds. Example – animal fats. Also called “bad fats”. Lipids have a water loving portion, and a water hating portion. 2 10/23/2014 Types of Lipids – Unsaturated Lipids: Contain carbon to carbon double bonds; less hydrogen. Example – plant oils (corn oil, vegetable oil) Also called “good fats”. Types of Lipids Sterols - ringed structures that play roles in building cells and carrying messages. – Example – cholesterol; hormones. Phospholipids - contain parts that dissolve well in water and parts that do not. – Spontaneously form bilayers to keep water hating portions protected and water loving portions in contact with water. Proteins Proteins - polymers made of building blocks (monomers) called amino acids. – Amino acids have an amino group, carboxyl group and an R group. Differences in R groups make each of the 20 amino acids different. Peptides Peptides - short polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Peptide bonds are covalent bonds that join together amino acids. Once a polypeptide (long chain of amino acids) is formed, it must be folded into a 3-D shape before it is called a protein. – The shape is important for recognition of the protein by the cell and for the actions of the protein. Proteins Used to form skin, muscle, hair. Proteins play a role in metabolism, help fight disease, used to assist chemical reactions (enzymes), and signaling other cellular functions. Enzymes are special proteins. Enzymes Enzymes – proteins that act as biological catalyst and speed up the rate of a chemical reaction. – Enzymes are not changed by the reaction (so they can be re-used). – Enzymes are very specific – they will only speed up one chemical reaction. – Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the “start-up” energy of a reaction. – The names of most enzymes will end in “ase” such as ligase, amylase, polymerase. 3 10/23/2014 Enzymes Enzymes Enzymes will bind to the reactants of the chemical reaction that it will catalyze. – The reactants that enzymes bind to are called substrates. – The site in which the substrates are brought to is called the active site. – Substrates will fit into the active site like a lock and key. – Enzymes function in regulating chemical pathways, making materials that cells need, releasing energy, and transferring information. If the substrates do not fit in the active site, it is the wrong enzyme and it will not catalyze a reaction! Chemical Reactions A Energy in Chemical Reactions Chemical reaction – a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals; involves the breaking and reforming of chemical bonds. – Reactants - chemicals that undergo a change (left side of equation). – Products - chemicals that are the result of a change (right side of equation). + B ---------> C + – When bonds are broken, energy is released. – All living organisms must have a source of energy to carry out chemical reactions! Endergonic (endothermic) reactions – reactions that absorb energy. – Need a source of energy to trigger the reaction (don’t occur spontaneously). – Reactions tend to feel cold. Two types or reactions deal with the energy stored in chemical bonds: Endergonic reactions Exergonic reactions D Endergonic Reactions Energy is stored within chemical bonds. Exergonic Reactions Exergonic (exothermic) reactions – reactions that release energy. – Energy is released as heat, light, or gas. – Can occur spontaneously. – Often feel warm. 4