Download Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry
Specification Points
Organic Chemistry
Name and draw the structures of:
• methane, ethane, ethanol, 1,2-dibromoethane, poly(ethene)
Recognise by name, compounds ending in:
• -ane as alkanes and ene as alkenes
Recognise from diagrams, the structures of: alkanes and alkenes
Understand about fuels
• that coal, natural gas and petroleum are fuels
• that natural gas is largely methane
• that petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons
• how petroleum is separated into useful fractions by fractional distillation and the
properties of molecules within a fraction
Know the names and uses of the different petroleum fractions
• petrol is used as a fuel in cars
• paraffin is used for oil stoves and aircraft fuel
• diesel is used for fuel in diesel engines
• lubricating oil is used for lubricants and for making waxes and polishes
• bitumen is used for making roads
Describe an homologous series of compounds as:
• having the same functional group with similar properties and the same general formula
Understand that alkanes:
• are saturated hydrocarbons which are generally unreactive but will burn
• can be burnt in excess air to form carbon dioxide and water
Understand about alkenes:
• that they are unsaturated hydrocarbons and can be made by cracking where an alkene
and hydrogen can be produced.
• they decolourise bromine water (or acidified potassium manganate(VII)) :
• ethene undergoes addition polymerisation to form poly(ethene)
• in addition polymerisation, the simple units (ethene) which join together are called
monomers
• that unsaturated hydrocarbons differ from saturated hydrocarbons in structure and
reaction with bromine water
Describe an homologous series in more detail:
• e.g. they can be represented by a general formula e.g. alkenes CnH2n
Describe further reactions of alkanes:
• they react with chlorine (in the presence of light to substitute one or more hydrogen
atoms)
Describe the reaction of alkenes:
• with bromine
• with steam
• with hydrogen
Name and draw further structures:
• unbranched alkanes
• alkenes
• describe and identify structural isomers
• carboxylic acids with up to 4 carbon atoms
Recognise by name, compounds ending in:
• -ol as alcohols and -oic acid are carboxylic acids
• Recognise from diagrams, the structures of: alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, carboxylic acids
Understand that ethanol is used as a solvent and as a fuel and:
• forms carbon dioxide and water on complete combustion and can be made by
fermentation and by catalytic addition of steam to ethene in the presence of a catalyst.
• outline the advatanges/ disadvantages of these two methods of manufacturing ethanol
Understand the properties of ethanoic acid and that:
• it is formed when ethanol is oxidised by oxygen from the air and is a weak acid
• it can be made by oxidising ethanol with acidified potassium dichromate (VI).
•Name and draw the structural formulae of esters which can be made from unbranched
alcohols and carboxylic acids, each containing up to four carbon atoms
•Describe esterification as the reaction between a carboxylic acid and alcohol in the
presence of a catalyst to give an ester
Understand some aspects of the chemistry of polymers:
• as being large molecules built up from smaller units called monomers
• and name some typical uses of plastics and man-made fibres such as Terylene and nylon
• describe the pollution caused by non-biodegradable plastics
• different macromolecules have different units and/ or different linkages
Understand some of the chemistry of synthetic polymers:
• know how to work out the structure of a polymer from a given alkene
• know how to work out the structure of an alkene monomer given the polymer structure
• nylon is formed by a condensation polymerisation.
• Describe the formation of nylon (a polyamide) and Terylene (a polyester) by condensation
polymerisation, the structure of nylon being represented as:
and the structure of Terylene as:
• Explain the differences between condensation and addition polymerisation
Understand some of the chemistry of natural macromolecules:
• proteins and carbohydrates are constituents of our food
• proteins have the same linkages (amide) as in nylon but different monomer
• Describe the structure of proteins as:
• proteins are hydrolysed to amino acids
• complex carbohydrates contain a large number of (polymerised) sugar units
• the structure of the sugar units can be represented as below showing the individual sugar
unit and the structure of the sugar polymer
• in a sugar polymer, sugar units are joined by condensation polymerisation
• complex carbohydrates such as starch can be hydrolysed to simple sugars
• ethanol and carbon dioxide are formed when simple sugars are fermented
• amino acids (from the hydrolysis of proteins) and simple sugars (from the hydrolysis of
complex carbohydrates ) can be separated and identified using chromatography
Independent Study suggestions
1. Look at the specification points above – use the textbook pages (244-277) or the revision guide pages
(139, 142-150,154-157, 159-161 – not fats) to make a few notes/spider diagram/revision cards
2. Have a go at the questions in the revision guide on pages 141, 151-153, 158, 162-163 and mark
yourself – answer in the back
3.
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Watch the Fuse School short 3-4 minute explanation videos on any area you need extra help with:
Coal, oil and gas: https://www.fuseschool.org/topics/59/contents/828
Fractional distillation: https://www.fuseschool.org/topics/59/contents/269
Uses of crude oil fractions: https://www.fuseschool.org/topics/59/contents/830
Functional groups: https://www.fuseschool.org/topics/59/contents/270
Formulae of organic compounds: https://www.fuseschool.org/topics/59/contents/268
Alkanes and Alkenes: https://www.fuseschool.org/topics/59/contents/233
Complete and incomplete combustion: https://www.fuseschool.org/topics/65/contents/330
Isomers: https://www.fuseschool.org/topics/59/contents/1198
Cracking: https://www.fuseschool.org/topics/59/contents/273
Alkenes and bromine water: https://www.fuseschool.org/topics/59/contents/829
Halogenation: https://www.fuseschool.org/topics/59/contents/883
Alcohols: https://www.fuseschool.org/topics/59/contents/288
Making alcohols: https://www.fuseschool.org/topics/59/contents/945
Polymers: https://www.fuseschool.org/topics/59/contents/1000
Making polyethene: https://www.fuseschool.org/topics/59/contents/943
Polymers from chloroethene an propene https://www.fuseschool.org/topics/59/contents/279
Condensation polymers: https://www.fuseschool.org/topics/59/contents/267
Synthetic polymers: https://www.fuseschool.org/topics/59/contents/942
Natural polymers: https://www.fuseschool.org/topics/59/contents/276
Proteins: https://www.fuseschool.org/topics/59/contents/408
Carbohydrates: https://www.fuseschool.org/topics/59/contents/884