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Choosing Adjective Phrases and Clauses { Painting Tools and Their Rules Determiner Adjective Noun Headword A dismal weather forecast The new pizza shop Your important career decision A great ball game Prehead word modifiers Adjectives and nouns fill the position between the determiner and the head word. Use more than one noun before a noun Ex. A recent covert military operation An unusual financial arrangement We frequently Exciting, innovative idea Use a comma between prenoun modifiers Off-the-wall idea End-of-term party Use a hyphen to link the words in a prenoun compound modifier Follows the headword noun Ex. The security guard in our building knows every tenant personally. The meeting during our lunch hour was a waster of time. Options: Turn prepositional phrases into prenoun modifiers Ex. Our building’s security guard knows every tenant. Prepositional Phrases The hot, tired hikers trudged the last mile. The hikers, hot and tired, trudged the last mile. Set it off by commas in this instance. Adjectival Phrases Present and past participles The helicopter hovering over the roof frightened the dogs. Hovering over the roof, the helicopter frightened the dogs. The travelers lined up in front of airport security. Participial phrases Occur when the phrase is not Dangling Participial Phrases Begin with Relative pronouns Participle phrase is just a shortened version of the relative clause Relative Clauses The helicopter that is hovering over the roof frightened the dogs. The travelers who are lined up in front of airport security did not look happy. ADJSC Whose, Who, Whom, That, Which { Who, whoever, whom, and whomever are for people. That and which are for things. { { Who is = Who’s Who’s in the car now? Whose = possessive form Whose bike is this? Who’s v. Whose Who’s Whose Who and whoever are for subjects. Who and whoever also follow and complete the meaning of linking verbs. In grammarspeak, who and whoever serve as linking verb complements. Whom and whomever are for objects — all kinds of objects (direct, indirect, of prepositions, of infinitives, and so on). _________needs help from Lochness is going to wait a long time. (Whoever is the subject of the verb needs.) _____ is calling Lulu at this time of night? (Who is the subject of the verb is calling.) "I don't care ______ you ask to the prom," exclaimed Legghorn unconvincingly. (Whom is the direct object of the verb ask.) The mustard-yellow belt is for __________ she designates as the hot dog eating champion. (Whomever is the object of the for.) For whom are you bellowing? (Whom is the object of the preposition for.) 1. Find all the verbs in the sentence. 2. Don't separate the helping verbs from the main verb. Count the main verb and its helpers as a single verb. 3. Now pair each of the verbs with a subject. 4. If you have a verb flapping around with no subject, chances are who or whoever is the subject you're missing. 5. If all the verbs have subjects, check them one more time. Do you have any linking verbs without complements? If you have a lonely linking verb with no complement in sight, you need who or whoever. 6.If all subjects are accounted for and you don't need a linking verb complement, you've reached a final answer: whom or whomever is the only possibility. Who/Whom shall I say is calling? The verbs = shall say, is calling. The subject of shall say = I. The subject of is calling = Okay, here you go. You need a subject for is calling but you're out of words. You have only one choice: who. CORRECT SENTENCE: Who shall I say is calling? Trick #1: Horse and carriage Agnes buys detergent in one-ton boxes for Lochness, who/whom she adores in spite of his odor problem. Apply Answer: Whom, because it's the direct object of adores. Agnes buys, she adores = subject–verb pairs. Both are action verbs, so no subject complement is needed. 1. Identify the verb in the sentence that seems connected to the who/whom choice. Usually it's the verb nearest who/whom. It's also the verb logically connected by meaning — that is, in the same thought as who/whom. 2. Say (aloud, if you don't mind scaring your classmates or coworkers, or silently, if you plan to keep a reputation for sanity) the three parts of the sentence. Anything before the verb is who or whoever. If you're working with an action verb, anything after the verb is probably whom or whomever. If you're working with a linking verb, anything after the verb is probably who or whoever. Who/Whom will Lochness choose for the vacancy in his nuclear spy ring? The verb is will choose. Will choose is an action verb, so forget about linking verb complements. Say aloud: Lochness will choose who/whom. Choice = whom because the word is after the verb. Whom = direct object of will choose. CORRECT SENTENCE: Whom will Lochness choose for the vacancy in his nuclear spy ring? Trick #2: Getting rhythm Who/Whom do you like better, Lochness or Legghorn? Apply Answer: Whom is correct. Change the order of the words to you do like whom. Choose whom after an action verb. In this sentence, whom is the direct object. Who – subjective Whose – possessive Whom- objective The man who called that night turned out to be my uncle. Who is the SUBJECT of the ADJSC Who, whose ,whom The student whose notes I borrowed never returned to class. WHOSE is a possessive relative (a determiner for notes). WHO, WHOSE, WHom THAT is always essential – no commas; you can’t remove it without affecting meaning WHICH is non-essential – always needs commas; you can remove it. THAT vs. WHICH Who needs Which’s? BURN THEM!!! Joe bought a gas guzzler, which surprised me. Tom showed up without being invited, which made me suspect that he wanted to talk about something. If TOO VAGUE – add a noun Joe bought a gas guzzler, a decision which surprised me. Broad-reference clause Joseph Montgomery, whom I have known for a year, is my best friend. The novel that I am reading is terrific. Essential (restrictive) has no commas = identifying or defining Ex. The merchants who were holding the sidewalk sales hoped for good weather. Non-essential (nonrestrictive) has COMMAS = commenting My twin brothers, who live in Austin, have great personalities. Essential or non-essential Kolln, Martha. Rhetorical Grammar: Grammatical Choices, Rhetorical Effects. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1999. { Works Cited