Download Choosing Adjectivals

Choosing Adjective
Phrases and Clauses
{
Painting Tools and Their Rules
Determiner
Adjective
Noun
Headword
A
dismal
weather
forecast
The
new
pizza
shop
Your
important
career
decision
A
great
ball
game
Prehead word modifiers
Adjectives and nouns fill
the position between the
determiner and the head
word.

Use more than one noun before a noun

Ex. A recent covert military operation

An unusual financial arrangement
We frequently

Exciting, innovative idea
Use a comma between
prenoun modifiers


Off-the-wall idea
End-of-term party
Use a hyphen to link the
words in a prenoun
compound modifier






Follows the headword noun
Ex. The security guard in our building knows
every tenant personally.
The meeting during our lunch hour was a
waster of time.
Options:
Turn prepositional phrases into prenoun
modifiers
Ex. Our building’s security guard knows every
tenant.
Prepositional Phrases

The hot, tired hikers trudged the last mile.
The hikers, hot and tired, trudged the last mile.

Set it off by commas in this instance.

Adjectival Phrases




Present and past participles
The helicopter hovering over the roof
frightened the dogs.
Hovering over the roof, the helicopter
frightened the dogs.
The travelers lined up in front of airport
security.
Participial phrases

Occur when the phrase is not
Dangling Participial
Phrases

Begin with Relative pronouns

Participle phrase is just a shortened version of
the relative clause
Relative Clauses


The helicopter that is hovering over the roof
frightened the dogs.
The travelers who are lined up in front of
airport security did not look happy.
ADJSC
Whose, Who, Whom,
That, Which
{
Who, whoever, whom, and whomever are for people.
That and which are for things.
{
{
Who is = Who’s
 Who’s in the car
now?

Whose = possessive
form
 Whose bike is this?

Who’s v. Whose
Who’s
Whose

Who and whoever are for subjects.


Who and whoever also follow and complete the meaning of linking
verbs. In grammarspeak, who and whoever serve as linking verb
complements.
Whom and whomever are for objects — all kinds of objects
(direct, indirect, of prepositions, of infinitives, and so on).

_________needs help
from Lochness is going to
wait a long time.

(Whoever is the subject of
the verb needs.)

_____ is calling Lulu at
this time of night?

(Who is the subject of the
verb is calling.)

"I don't care ______ you
ask to the prom,"
exclaimed Legghorn
unconvincingly.

(Whom is the direct object
of the verb ask.)

The mustard-yellow belt
is for __________ she
designates as the hot dog
eating champion.

(Whomever is the object of
the for.)

For whom are you
bellowing?

(Whom is the object of the
preposition for.)
1. Find all the verbs in the sentence.
2. Don't separate the helping verbs
from the main verb. Count the main
verb and its helpers as a single verb.
3. Now pair each of the verbs with a
subject.
4. If you have a verb flapping around
with no subject, chances are who or
whoever is the subject you're
missing.
5. If all the verbs have subjects, check
them one more time. Do you have
any linking verbs without
complements? If you have a lonely
linking verb with no complement in
sight, you need who or whoever.
6.If all subjects are accounted for and
you don't need a linking verb
complement, you've reached a final
answer: whom or whomever is the
only possibility.
Who/Whom shall I say is
calling?
The verbs = shall say, is
calling.
The subject of shall say = I.
The subject of is calling =
Okay, here you go. You
need a subject for is
calling but you're out of
words. You have only one
choice: who.
CORRECT SENTENCE:
Who shall I say is calling?
Trick #1: Horse and carriage


Agnes buys detergent in
one-ton boxes for
Lochness, who/whom she
adores in spite of his odor
problem.
Apply
Answer: Whom, because
it's the direct object of
adores. Agnes buys, she
adores = subject–verb
pairs. Both are action
verbs, so no subject
complement is needed.
1. Identify the verb in the sentence
that seems connected to the
who/whom choice. Usually it's
the verb nearest who/whom. It's
also the verb logically connected
by meaning — that is, in the same
thought as who/whom.
2. Say (aloud, if you don't mind
scaring your classmates or coworkers, or silently, if you plan to
keep a reputation for sanity) the
three parts of the sentence.
Anything before the verb is who or
whoever.
If you're working with an action
verb, anything after the verb is
probably whom or whomever.
If you're working with a linking
verb, anything after the verb is
probably who or whoever.
Who/Whom will Lochness choose for
the vacancy in his nuclear spy
ring?
The verb is will choose.
Will choose is an action verb, so forget
about linking verb complements.
Say aloud: Lochness will choose
who/whom.
Choice = whom because the word is
after the verb.
Whom = direct object of will choose.
CORRECT SENTENCE: Whom will
Lochness choose for the vacancy
in his nuclear spy ring?
Trick #2: Getting rhythm

Who/Whom do you like
better, Lochness or
Legghorn?
Apply
Answer: Whom is correct.
Change the order of the
words to you do like whom.
Choose whom after an
action verb. In this
sentence, whom is the
direct object.



Who – subjective
Whose – possessive
Whom- objective

The man who called that night turned out to be
my uncle.

Who is the SUBJECT of the ADJSC
Who, whose ,whom

The student whose notes I borrowed never
returned to class.

WHOSE is a possessive relative (a determiner
for notes).
WHO, WHOSE, WHom

THAT is always essential – no commas; you
can’t remove it without affecting meaning

WHICH is non-essential – always needs
commas; you can remove it.
THAT vs. WHICH
Who needs Which’s?
BURN THEM!!!


Joe bought a gas guzzler, which surprised me.
Tom showed up without being invited, which
made me suspect that he wanted to talk about
something.

If TOO VAGUE – add a noun

Joe bought a gas guzzler, a decision which
surprised me.
Broad-reference clause

Joseph Montgomery, whom I have known for a
year, is my best friend.

The novel that I am reading is terrific.

Essential (restrictive)
has no commas =
identifying or defining

Ex. The merchants who
were holding the
sidewalk sales hoped
for good weather.

Non-essential (nonrestrictive) has
COMMAS =
commenting

My twin brothers, who
live in Austin, have
great personalities.
Essential or non-essential
Kolln, Martha. Rhetorical Grammar: Grammatical Choices, Rhetorical
Effects. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1999.
{
Works Cited