* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download PASS Review—Plants Name: All living organisms share the
Ecology of Banksia wikipedia , lookup
Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders wikipedia , lookup
Plant stress measurement wikipedia , lookup
History of herbalism wikipedia , lookup
Plant secondary metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Plant defense against herbivory wikipedia , lookup
History of botany wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Plant breeding wikipedia , lookup
Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense wikipedia , lookup
Plant nutrition wikipedia , lookup
Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus) wikipedia , lookup
Plant physiology wikipedia , lookup
Plant ecology wikipedia , lookup
Plant morphology wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary history of plants wikipedia , lookup
Plant evolutionary developmental biology wikipedia , lookup
Ornamental bulbous plant wikipedia , lookup
Sustainable landscaping wikipedia , lookup
Perovskia atriplicifolia wikipedia , lookup
Flowering plant wikipedia , lookup
PASS Review—Plants Name: All living organisms share the following characteristics: Obtain and use energy for food: (autotrophs—make food through photosynthesis; heterotrophs—must find food); energy is released from food through respiration; Respond to Stimuli: stimulus—change in surroundings that causes a reaction (“cause”); response—the reaction (“effect”); Reproduce: asexual—one parent, offspring identical; sexual—two parents—egg and sperm, offspring different; Grow and Develop: growth— getting larger, development—getting more complex Scientists name and classify organisms according to similarities in their structures. Taxonomy—the study of how scientists classify organisms; Scientists use a series of levels to group organisms—the more levels they share with each other, the more characteristics they have in common. Biggest to smallest: Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (King Phillip came over for good spaghetti). Kingdom—biggest group—5/6 kingdoms (Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists, and Monera (Bacteria—split into 2 kingdoms recently: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria); organisms placed into kingdoms based on ability to make food and number of cells they have; Genus—first part of an organisms scientific name; species—second part of scientific name; consists of organisms that can breed and produce young of the same kind; Scientific name—made of genus and species; written in italics or underlined; genus is capitalized and species is lower case. Example: Canis lupus. Plants are classified according to specific structures. Vascular plants: true roots, stems, and leaves; tubes to move water and food; xylem carries water, phloem carries food; some have a woody stem, some have a herbaceous stem (soft and green). Nonvascular plants: no true roots, stems, or leaves; no tubes to carry water and food—moves it from cell to cell; live in wet areas and are very short; examples are mosses. Seed-producing plants vs spore producing plants: seeds—made by cone bearing and flower bearing plants. Seeds have an embryo (baby plant), cotyledon (stored food) and seed coat. Spores—much smaller than seeds; produced by mosses, ferns, and fungi. Flowering plants vs. cone-bearing plants: flowering plants—seeds grow inside ovary, inside flower. Flower becomes fruit containing seeds. Two kinds: monocots (one food storage area in seed; petals in multiples of 3; parallel veins in leaves; scattered vascular structures in stem. Examples are grass, corn, rice, lilies, and tulips) Dicots (two food storage areas in seed; petals in multiples of 4 or 5; branching veins; vascular structures arranged around edge of stem. Examples: roses, dandelions, maple, and oak trees) Cone-bearing plants—most are evergreen with needle-like leaves; conifers have seeds in cones; examples are pine, spruce, redwood, and cedar trees. Flowering plants have special structures that function for defense, survival, and reproduction. Defense: thorns, poisons, thigmotropism (leaves close when touched); Survival: Leaf: site of photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration; Stem: holds the plant up and can store food; xylem and phloem pass through; Roots: anchor the plant and absorb water; root hairs increase surface area and absorb water; two types of roots—fibrous (branching; ex: grass, corn, trees) and tap (one main root; ex: carrot, dandelion, radish). Reproduction: Flowers: produce seeds; have colors and scents to attract insects; stamen (male—anther produces pollen and filament is the stalk) and pistil (female—stigma (sticky—pollen lands here), style (tube—pollen tube grows through this after pollination) and ovary (has the ovules where eggs are produced). Ovule becomes the seed; ovary becomes the fruit and protects the seeds. All flowering plants have similar life cycles with distinct stages. Germination: the early growth stage of a seed; roots grow down, stem grows up. Seeds may lay dormant after dispersal from parent, or may germinate if the conditions are right. Plant development: seed grows into a mature plant; Fertilization: when pollen transfers from stamen to pistil (pollination) and then enters the ovule in the ovary, fertilization has occurred. Seed production: Once ovule is fertilized, it develops into seed, and ovary develops into fruit. Plants can reproduce sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction: requires a sperm cell (in pollen) and an egg cell (in ovule) to combine to produce a new organism; all flowering plants reproduce sexually; Asexual reproduction: one parent; offspring are identical to parent; many plants can grow new plants from their plant parts: tubers and bulbs—types of underground stems; examples: potatoes, onions; runners—types of stems that run along the ground; examples: strawberries, ivy, lawn grasses; stem cuttings—a new plant grows when a piece of stem is planted; examples: sugar cane and pineapples; roots—some trees and bushes send up “suckers” or new shoots from roots; leaves—houseplants like African violets can produce new plants from leaves placed on top of soil All plants perform certain processes that are necessary for their survival. Photosynthesis: process by which plants make their own food, a simple sugar, for survival; chloroplasts, found in the cells of the leaf, contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy; carbon dioxide gas enters stomata (openings in leaf) and combines with water from roots to make sugar in leaves; oxygen is produced and enters air through stomata; photosynthesis provides oxygen in the atmosphere. Respiration: process where plants break down the food made during photosynthesis in order to use the energy stored in the food; oxygen (from stomata) combines with sugar releasing energy. Carbon dioxide and water are also formed. (sort of the opposite of photosynthesis.) Transpiration: the process of plants losing water through their leaves through openings called stomata (“plant sweat”); Guard cells control the opening and closing of the stomata; when stomata are closed, water cannot escape from leaf Plants respond to changes in their environments. Dormancy—a period of time when the growth or activity of a plant or seed stops due to changes in temperature or water amount. Tropism—when plants respond to changes in the environment by growing or moving their stems, roots, or leaves. Phototropism: responding to light; gravitropism: gravity (also called geotropism); hydrotropism: response to water; thigmotropism: response to touch Fungi are a kingdom of organisms that do not make their own food. They grow in or on other living things. They can harm and eventually kill a plant, and cause huge crop losses. Examples are grain mold, corn smut, and wheat rust.