Download 1 ※ Different from English. SENTENCE == Ns SV 我很累。 A noun

☉ ☉ 1
※ Different from English.
SENTENCE == Ns SV
我很累。
A noun followed by a stative verb forms a sentence.
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☉ 2
SENTENCE == Ns TV N o
我喜歡他 。
A noun followed by a transitive verb and then a direct object forms a
sentence.
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☉ 3
SENTENCE == Ns AUX TV No
她會說中國話。
A noun followed by an auxillary verb (e.g., 可以、會、能) and then a
transitive verb and a direct object forms a sentence.
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04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 4
SENTENCE == Ns ITV
他天天來。
A noun followed by an intransitive verb forms a sentence.
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☉ 5
※ Different from English. (5)
SENTENCE == Ns EV Nc
他們是日本人。
A noun followed by a so-called "equative verb" followed by a noun
complement forms a sentence. The Ns is always the thing being
assigned to a set or category, and the Nc is always some kind of a
description of the set to which the individual belongs.
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☉6
SENTENCE == Ns GX N gx
誰在門口兒？
Who is in the doorway?
A "GX" is a verb that defines a relationship in space or time. It assigns
the Ns to a location Ngx .
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☉7
(Existential 有)
教室裡頭有二十個人。
Region of space or time 有 some event, person, etc. In English we can
either say, "There are holes in my shoes," or, "My shoes have holes in
them."
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☉8
PREDICATE == PREDa (to) ITV
我到城裡去買。
Very frequently we do one thing to set things up for doing something
else, e.g., "He went to medical school to become a missionary doctor.
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☉ 9
Complex predicates of the form:
他們跑不回(到)山上來。
The order of sentence elements is the same, but more or less
information can be given depending on whether all elements are
supplied by the speaker.
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☉ 10
Modifiers + 的 go before the noun
不去的人很多。
The stacking order in English is the opposite of the stacking order in
Chinese.
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☉ 11
PREDICATE == PREDa (to) PREDb
她買書送給她媽媽。
English speakers use this pattern all the time, but ordinarily the word
"to" must be inserted between the predicates. In Chinese, the word 來 is
sometimes used in that position, but its use is optional and not always
appropriate.
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☉ 12
SENTENCE == Ns (正)在 PRED
你又在鬼扯！
In English we use "ing" endings to indicate two things that are split up
in Chinese. When the speaker wants to indicate an action that is
occuring at the present time, the adverbial expression (正)在 is used.
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04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 13
NOUN == SV NOUN
Miata 不是高車子。
A certain limited set of nouns can be modified by a single stative verb.
Most of the time one must use something like 很高的.
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☉ 14
passives with 是... 的
這本書是她爸爸寫的。
Sentences of this type use a rather complicated sentence structure to
accomplish what English accomplishes with a passive verb. In Chinese
one does not say, "This book was written by her father." Instead, one
says, "This book is one that her father wrote."
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04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 15
※ Different from English.
SENTENCE == Ns GX N gx PRED (Coverb of location)
他們常常在家裡唱歌。
In English one can mention where something happened at the end of a
sentence. Chinese, however, is more logical. The rule is always:
Set the stage first, then tell the action.
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☉ 16
SENTENCE == (在) (Place) 有/沒有 EVENT
(在)圖書館裡頭有人抽煙嗎？
Chinese always speaks of a space or time having something going on in
it. Often when a particular location is not mentioned then "the world" or
"the universe" is implied.
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04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 17
PREDICATE == ITV 得 RESULT
老人走得很慢。
(Adverbs of Capacity)
Predicates of this form describe the actual result, or the demonstrated
capacity to achieve such an actual result, as measured by some external
standard. For instance, a person speaks and (can) get a certain result
such as "fast" or "slow."
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☉ 18
PREDICATE == VERB 著 呢
他哭著呢。
In (11) above, the "ing" meaning "just at this moment" was expressed. In
this case the other alternative is expressed. The verb ending 著 is used
to indicate the drawing out of some event through time. If someone said,
"你哭著呢！" the emphasis would be on the weeping as a continuing
state of distress. In English we might translate, "You're weeping!" but a
more precise translation might be, "You've been crying!" The second
sentence hints that the speaker can tell from the other person's
appearance that the weeping has been going on for some time.
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☉ 19
SENTENCE == Ns FV Nfv
他不理我。
Most textbooks treat verbs of this type as transitive verbs, since they
work about the same way. However, an FV (functive verb) indicates an
action that does not have any impact on the Nfv, e.g., "The comet
passed the earth."
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☉ 20
SENTENCE == Ns ITV FV (ITV =) PV
鳥飛上來。
A PV (post-verb) is really just an ordinary intransitive verb used for a
special purpose. It indicates how the action described relates to the
speaker. Is the action coming toward the speaker (來) or going in some
other direction (去). In the example above, the bird is flying up (the
mountain or whatever it is) and it is approaching the speaker.
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04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 21
SENTENCE == Ns FV Nfv (ITV =) PV
他上山來。
Note that the person is "coming up the mountain" but it is possible that
this person is flying in an airplane or floating in a balloon. So the
sentence does not actually claim that the actor does anything to the
mountain.
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☉ 22
SENTENCE == Ns FV CV Ncv (ITV =) PV
他們跑回山上來。
This pattern is similar to others in this series. Note how simpler
patterns can be derived just by dropping elements that may already be
understood.
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04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 23
COVERB = 能、會、可以
他老了，不能走路了。
These coverbs have similar meanings. 能 means to be physically able to
do something and/or that environmental factors permit doing
something. 會 means to have learned how to do something, and 可以
means "permissible," although it is often used to mean "can" in the
sense that a possibility for some action or result exists.
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☉ 24
COVERB = 對、替、給
爸爸替他理頭髮。
對means to direct oneself toward some object to perform some action,
e.g., "She spoke to me," or "They were not very good to their visitors."
替 means to do something in someone elses stead. I should have taken
out the garbage, but Dad did it for me. 給 means to do something as a
favor for somebody else. "The dentist filled the cavity for me."
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04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 25 在地方的N
在 location 的N
在房子上頭的貓
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☉ 26
SENTENCE = SENTENCE 嗎
你喜歡她嗎？
This kind of question suggests its own answer, but answering
我不喜歡她 suggests that you dislike her, so you may need to say
something to the effect that you are neutral in your attitude toward her.
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☉ 27
Ns VERB neg VERB (Nx)
你去不去？
This type of question is, essentially, a multiple choice question. Take
your pick.
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☉ 28
Ns VERB Nx neg VERB
他是日本人不是？
This pattern is a variant of pattern 25. However, it may suggest that
the speaker favors the positive alternative and is expecting
confirmation.
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☉ 29
NOUN = # MW N
那個老頭子有兩隻狗。
The pattern is analogous to English usage. However, in English we
generally require measure words in special cases. Chinese only does
without measure words in special cases.
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☉ 30
NOUN = SP MW N
這張紙是他的。
This pattern is analogous to English usage.
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04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 31
NOUN = SP # MW N
那三隻老虎都非常大。
This pattern is analogous to English usage.
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☉ 32
# = a(10,000) + b(1000) +c(100) +d(10)+e
# = 3(10,000) +6(1000)+7(100)+2(10)+5 = 36,725
# = 三萬
六千
七百
二十
五
χ 10,000 +
6 χ 1,000
+ 7 χ 100 +
2 χ 10
+
5 i.e. 36,725
χ10,+6 7χ10+2 5i.e36,7
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☉ 33
NOUN = Modifier de NOUN
到北京去的人
The stacking order of dependent clauses is opposite in English and in
Chinese. Therefore example above translates to “people that go to
Beijing. ”
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04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 34
GX Ngx + de NOUN
(在)廁所裡頭的人
A common use of 的 clauses is to indicate where or when something
happened. The word 在 is often omitted.
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☉ 35
SENTENCE == Ns PREDa 還是 PREDb
你們要看電影還是聽音樂？
Questions of this type offer a choice between only two alternatives.
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☉ 36
NOUN = NOUNa 還是 NOUNb
她是你的老師還是你的女朋友 她是你的老師還是你的女朋友
還是 can be used with nouns as well as with predicates.
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☉ 37
Ns 離 Ngx SV
舊金山離北京很遠。
Often it is not sufficiently clear to say that something is far away, and
one wants to say where that place is far away from. So 離 introduces
the point from which distance is measured.
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☉ 38
Ns 離 Ng Distance
北京離舊金山多少英里？
One can express a specific distance in miles, kilometers, etc.
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☉ 39
PRED = PREDa (to) PREDb
這本書很難念。
In English it is necessary to separate two predicates with "to", but in
Chinese there is no such necessary separator. Expressions like
"difficult to look at" can mean "ugly," so "difficult to read" is usually
expressed by using 難念 instead of 難看.
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☉ 40
SENTENCE == (是) SENTa 還是 SENTb
是在宿舍念書好，還是在圖書館念書好？
還是can be used to set up a choice between ideas expressed in two full
sentences.
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是你好還是他好？ @01 @501
是大象大還是鯨魚大？ @11 @511
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 41
Ns 到 Ngx 來/去
他們到房子外頭去。
In Chinese, the destination is introduced by 到, and 來 or 去 appear
after the destination. When one wants to mention the point of origin,
one can substitute 從 for 到.
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爸爸到銀行去。 @21 @521
哥哥到郵政局去。 @31 @531
媽媽到圖書館去。 @41 @541
姐姐到中央大學去。 @51 @551
☉ 42
SENTENCE = Ns 到 Ngx 來/去 PRED
他們到房子外頭去抽煙。
They go outside the house to smoke.
Chinese being a very logical language, this sentence pattern is used to
express the idea that one travels somewhere in order to do some
particular thing.
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爸爸到銀行去兌錢。 @61 @561
哥哥到郵局去買郵票。 @71 @571
媽媽到圖書館去借書。 @81 @581 姐姐到中央大學去接伯伯。 @91 @591
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 43
SENTENCE = Ns 從 Ngx 來/去
他們從圖書館來。
This pattern is similar to (39) except that the point of origin is
mentioned, rather than the destination.
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史老師從上海來。 @101 @601
金老師從韓國來。 @111 @611
劉老師從四川來。 @121 @621
任老師從臺灣來。 @131 @631
☉ 44
SENTENCE = Ns 從 Ngx1 到
我們從學校到圖書館去。
Ngx2 來/去
We are going from school to the library.
When both the point of origin and the destination of a trip are
mentioned, Chinese is very logical in mentioning the origin before
mentioning the destination.
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他從韓國到中國去。 @141 @641
你從加拿大到美國來。 @151 @651
我們從中國到韓國去。 @161 @661
我從美國到英國去。 @171 @671
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 45
PRED = 往 DIRECTION 走/拐/etc.
往東走。
Walk toward the east.
The verb 往 means to head oneself in a certain direction. It must be
followed by a word meaning to walk, to run, to turn, etc.
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@181 @
一直往前走。 @191 @691
往東拐。 @211 @711
☉ 46
往回走。
往上飛。
@201 @ 701
@221 @721
SENTENCE = SENTENCE 吧
你去吧。
Adding 吧 at the end of a sentence changes a command or a flat
statement into a suggestion.
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五塊不夠，你再給他 五塊不夠，你再給他一塊錢吧。 @231 @731
我們不去看他們吧。 @241 @741
算了吧。 @251 @751
我們還是去拜訪王老吧。 @261 @761
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 47
Ns 比 Nstandard PRED
她比我會開快車。
Often it is not enough to say something is large or that it is small. It is
necessary to state that it is large as compared to some standard.
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你比我開得不小心。 @271 @771
我比他們寫得多。 @281 @781
☉ 48
Ns 比 Nstandard ITV 得 RESULT
他比我說得好。
Predicates such as those found in (16) can also be used in comparisons.
As before, 比 means “ as compared to.”
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她比Miriam Makeba唱得好。@181@681
他比屁股頭鬧得厲害。@499@999
☉ 49
Ns ITV 得 比 Nstandard RESULT
我說得比她慢。
I speak (and get a result that is) as compared to her slow.
Sentences like (47) can also be rearranged as shown above.
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他們跑得比我快。 @291 @791
他們買得比我少。 @301 @801
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 50
★ Rote memory required.
SENTENCE = Ns TV N o TV 得 RESULT
他寫字寫得漂亮。
When the object of a transitive verb is mentioned that seals off the verb,
preventing it from being modified by a resultative ending (得). In order
to make the desired statement about the capacity of the subject to do
something one must use the pattern:
VERB OBJECT VERB 得.
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她畫畫兒畫得好看。 @311 @811
她做飯做得好吃。 @321 @821
☉ 51
SENTENCE = Ns TV N o 比 Nstandard TV 得 RESULT
他寫字比我寫得漂亮。
There are several ways of formulating comparisons involving adverbs
of capacity (using 得). This is one kind.
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他拍馬屁比誰都拍得多。 @331 @831
他們烤肉比我烤得好吃。 @341 @841
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 52
SENTENCE = Ns TV N o TV 得比N standard RESULT
他寫字寫得比我漂亮。
He writes characters more beautifully than I.
This pattern is an alternative to (50)
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他念書念得比誰都快。 @351 @851
她買鞋子買得比誰都多。 @361 @861
☉ 53
DATE = ___年___月___日/號
他是一九八七年十月二十三日回去的。
Dates always proceed from the largest unit to the smallest.
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一四九二年幾月幾日？@371 @871
今年一月二日上午 @381 @ 881
二月三日下午四點三十分鐘 @391 @891 六點十七分八秒鐘 @401 @ 901
☉ 54 ★★ Be aware: There are two kinds of 了.
了after a verb means: Did do it.
了after a sentence means: There has been a change.
Rule: If nothing happens, do not use 了.
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他已經吃了藥。 @411 @911
奶奶昨天來了，你不知道嗎？989
真理已經沒有錢了。 @421 @921
你生氣了！怎麼搞得？ 979
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 55
Time = Event 以前
上車以前要不要買票？
Should you buy a ticket before you get on board?
The word 以 means “to the” so in connection with 東、西、南
、北、上、下 it means to the east, to the west, to the south, to the
north, above (us), below (us), and so forth. Two of the most common
expressions are 以前 (before) and 以後 (after).
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日本在中國以東。 @431 @931
他的年齡在四十歲以上。 @441 @941
中國在美國以西。 @451 @951
他的薪水在兩萬以下。 @461 @961
☉ 56
SENTENCE = Ns PREDa (to) PREDb -- with 用、給、對
當時，您的母親對我很好。
At the time your mother was very good to me.
These verbs tell what tool was used, whom something was given to (or
whom some favor was done for), and toward whom some attitude or
behavior was directed.
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他用手打開箱子。 @471 @971
老闆對工人不好。 @481 @981
媽媽給我洗衣服。 @491 @991
他用望遠鏡看火星的運河 @102 @502他用望遠鏡看火星的運河
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 57
noun = clause 的 noun
不能去的人
Any modifier that consists of two or more characters (and many that
have only one character) must be followed by 的 to form a correct
structure. In particular, modifiers that contain a verb must be created
this way.
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不喜歡我的人 @112 @512
最喜歡我爸爸的人 @122 @522
不理你的人 @132 @532
不在乎規矩的人 @142 @542
☉ 58
VERB = VERB + 過
她沒有去過我家。
She has not (gone =) been to my home.
The verb ending 過 gives a positive answer to the implied question as
to whether something has ever happened or has ever happened within a
specified time period. Unlike 了, it can be negated.
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你今天看過他嗎？ @998
我去年一直沒看過他。 @152 @552
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 59
VERB = VERB 得/不 VERB-COMPLEMENT
你看得見看不見(他們)？
Verb phrases of this time set up the implicit (or in some cases explicit)
question of whether some specified result follows from a certain action.
For instance 看得見 asserts that it is possible or it has indeed proven
possible to look and actually perceive something, whereas 看不見
asserts that even though one looks one is unable to perceive. These are
called resultative compounds.
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狗聞得到聞不到我們？ @002 @498
你買得到買不到龍井茶？ @022 @997
他們找得到找不到我們？ @996 @003
我摩不到邊兒！ @032 @982
☉ 60
No = time period 的 noun
他天天看一個鐘頭的書？
These modifiers may best be understood by comparing them to English
expressions “a dollar’s worth of nails,” “fifty cents worth of candy,” “a lifetime
of toil,” etc. They all describe the amount of work or experience done by
asserting that a certain amount of time has been devoted to it.
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我們跑了三十分鐘的路。 @162 @562
他們走了八天的路。 @172 @572
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 61
No = SENTENCE
爸爸反對我到美國去念書。
The object of a transitive verb can be an entire sentence. In the example
above, what Papa objects to is neither his child nor the general idea of
going to America to study, but to the idea of this particular person
going to America to study.
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老師看到那兩個學生回家去。 @182 @582
媽媽聽到她兒子跟誰談戀愛。 @192 @592
☉ 62
Time accreted to an activity (with 有)
他研究狼有三十年了。
There are no common parallels for this usage in English. In Chinese one
indicates that a certain amount of time devoted to some kind of activity
has piled up and is now possessed by that activity. The example asserts
that someone has thirty years of wolf study, i.e., that he or she has
studied wolves for thirty years.
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我在這裡工作有六十年。 @202 @602
他昨天念書只有兩三分鐘。 @212 @612
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 63
Number of occurrences.
我坐了五次輪船。
The number of times one has done something such as riding on a
steamboat is expressed by sentences of this form.
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她只看過五次電影。 @222 @622
你吃過幾次鯨魚肉？ @073@573
☉ 64
PRED = FV 得/不 Vcomplement Nfv Post-V
你飛得過高山回基地嗎？
Complicated phrases involving verbs, verb complements, post-verbs, etc.
typically involve a set sequence. Learning the most complicated form
will enable the easy creation of simpler forms with the elements in the
correct order.
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你跳得過陷阱嗎？@083@994
你們走得過沙漠嗎？ @093@984
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 65
Ns 把 No PRED
老虎會把牛都吃掉。
The 把 structure is typically used in two situations. One is to give
prominence to the idea of getting one’s hands on something or
somebody to do something to their detriment. The other is simply to
reposition the object of the verb ahead of the rest of the predicate to
enable it to be governed by 都 or to avoid breaking up verb clusters and
making their meaning less clear.
The noun governed by 把 is always a specific individual or group.
公公每次來就給我們書 says that Grandpa gives us books every time
he visits, but it is not some known group of books. 公公把書給我們,
however, has to refer to “the books.”
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哥哥把魚吃掉了。 @232 @632
媽媽把窟窿補好了。 @242 @642
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 66
SENTENCE = 連 Ns 也/都 PRED
連他媽媽都不喜歡他。
(Not to mention the others.)
The idea behind this sentence structure is that of an ordered chain of
possibilities leading to the least likely possibility actually to be
experienced. Perhaps nobody is universally liked, so it may be no
surprise that the principal does not like a certain boy. The teachers may
all dislike the boy, and so on. But almost always the boy’s mother will
retain some affection for him when nobody else does. In the extreme
case mentioned in the example above, not even the child’s mother likes
him.
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連Cinderella都說她最漂亮。 @252 @652
連Caruso都說她唱得好。 @262 @662
☉ 67
SENTENCE =連 (Ns) No (Ns) 也/都 PRED
連她我也沒有請。or 我連她也沒有請。
(Not to mention the others.)
連 can govern the object of the sentence, in which case the subject of
the sentence can appear in two different positions.
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連自己的孩子，Media都吃掉了。 @272 @672
連暗殺他的人，Gandi都愛。 @282 @682
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 68
QWs as indefinites
誰都沒有去。
The so-called “question words” actually function more like the algebraic
x. All x have failed to go amounts to saying that nobody has gone.
Statements of this form ordinarily appear only in the context of formal
logic (“For all X, if X is a male then X cannot produce ova”) but the
usage is very common in Chinese.
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哪兒都是他的家。 @292 @692
你幾點鐘來找他，他都在。@302 @702
☉ 69
SENTENCE = Ns 跟/像 Nstandard 一樣。
你跟我哥哥完全一樣。
It is possible to assert that two things are identical to each other, e.g.,
你們都 @你們都樣。 But it is also common to compare a specific individual
to some kind of standard that everyone is presumed to know about.
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羊跟山羊一樣嗎？ @004@992
阿姨跟螞蟻一樣嗎？ @099@990
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 70
Ns 跟/像 Nstandard一樣 PRED
他跟孫中山一樣聰明。
When one wants to assert that a specific individual is like a well known
example or standard in some respect, a clause can be added as shown
in the example. Instead of simply asserting that somebody is like Sun
Yat-sen, that person is said to be as intelligent as Sun Yat-sen.
+
你跟屁股頭一樣笨！@042@592
他跟老虎一 樣喜歡吃肉。 @312 @712
☉ 71
Ns 有 Nstandard 那麼 PRED
他有朱八德那麼喜歡吃東西。
The subject of a sentence can be said to possess a certain kind of
likeness to some familiar figure or standard of comparison. In the
example above the subject is asserted to posses the avidity for eating of
Pigsy (one of the heroes of the novel Monkey).
+
我沒有你那麼喜歡看小說。 @322 @722
我沒有他那麼會騎自行車。 @332 @732
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 72
Ns TV N o TV 得跟N standard 一樣 PRED
他念書念得跟Kennedy一樣快。
This sentence pattern is just an assemblage of earlier-seen and simpler
sentence patterns. Remember that the “V OBJ V 得” sequence is
mandatory even though “He reads books reads as rapidly as Kennedy”
would seem strange in English.
+
她寫字寫得跟蘇東坡一樣好。 @342 @742
她開車開得跟Mario一樣快。 @352 @752
☉ 73
Ns TV N o TV 得 有 Nstandard 那麼 PRED
她念書念得有孫中山那麼仔細。
Like (70), this sentence pattern is a more complicated version of
sentence patterns already introduced above. The example asserts that
some person reads books as meticulously as did Sun Yat-sen.
+
我寫小說寫得沒有巴金那麼好。 @362 @762
她彈鋼琴彈得有Cliburn那麼好。 @372 @772
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 74
Ns SV 得 PRED
她漂亮得人人都喜歡她。
This sentence pattern is used to assert that someone is so (whatever
the Stative Verb is) that the predicate naturally follows. The example
asserts that some lady is so beautiful that everyone likes her.
+
這種汽車貴得沒有人能買。 @382 @782
她媽媽兇得男孩子不敢去找她。 @392 @792
☉ 75
SENTENCE = Ns ADVmanner PRED
他少給了一塊錢。
Adverbs of manner tell how, in what spirit, etc., something is done.
Frequently they express ideas such as “hurriedly,” but they can also
describe cases in which one does too much or too little, or to urge a
guest to eat a little more or a friend to drink a little less.
+
房子著火了。老頭子
快快兒地跑回家去了。 @402 @802
她慢慢兒地走來了。 @412 @812
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 76
Practical equivalence of adverbs of manner
and adverbs of capacity in some circumstances
走慢一點 =? 慢一點走
Whereas “rapidly move” and “move rapidly”seem to be functionally
equivalent in English, in Chinese adverbs of manner and adverbs of
capacity are strongly differentiated. Ancient and debilitated people can
be said to 快快兒的走 in cases of urgent need, even if their actual
speed in miles per hour is quite low, but it cannot be said that they
走得很快. However, in cases where one is urging someone else to go
faster or slower, etc., the two ways of speaking seem to amount to the
same thing. In one case the speaker urges the result, in the other the
speaker urges that psychological attitude appropriate to achieving the
result.
+
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 77
VERB = VERB 著
瓶子上寫著『三碗不過岡』。
The use of 著 in Chinese superficially resembles the English
verb-ending “ing” but in fact the two are quite different. The example
derives from a story in Outlaws of the Water Margins where one of the
heroes visited a wine shop that provided patrons with a wine so strong
that three bowls full would make them too drunk to head on up the
mountain. So the sentence says, “On the bottle was (write and continue
on in that state =) written, ‘Three bowls and no crossing the ridge!’”
The idea is that while the writing may have been done quite some time
ago, the result of that writing has persisted on into the present. When
things are hanging on the wall, flying from a flag staff, etc., it is
appropriate to use this form and not 正在, which would imply, e.g., that
somebody is this minute hanging up the portrait (when in fact it has
been hanging there for years).
+
牆壁上掛著三張畫兒。 @422 @822
在園子裡種著很多的莧菜。 @432 @832
☉ 78
不是 item 1 就是 item 2
有人撞死那隻貓。不是他就是他哥哥。
This sentence structure is used to narrow things down to two
alternatives. The example asserts that somebody has run over a cat,
and that it must either be a certain guy or his elder brother.
+
你得弟弟不是傻瓜就是白癡。@442 @842
他們不是騙子就是政客。 @452 @852
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 79
SENTENCE = V 來 V 去 (也沒有) PRED
我們一直跑來跑去，可是沒有找到弟弟。
The expression V 來V 去 means to go to and fro while doing whatever
the main verb is. Sometimes it is a figurative moving to and fro, as
when one thinks here and there trying to cover all possibilities. In the
case of the sentence pattern above, someone is asserted to have made
rather exhaustive efforts to cover all possibilities and yet has achieved
no positive result.
+
講來講去，都是一個道理。回去!
別把東西動來動去。 @462 @862
☉ 80
ADV = 除了 N 以外
除了我哥哥以外，誰都不知道這件事情。
以 means “to the” and 以外 literally means “to the outside”.
除 means “to weed out” and 了 means “put an end to the matter,” so the
whole phrase indicates taking something out of its normal group and
putting it somewhere else, i.e., taking it out of consideration. So the
example above could be translated, “Taking my elder brother out of the
mix, all people are ignorant of this matter.”
+
除了打撲克牌以外他甚麼都不作. @472 @872
除了賺錢以外她沒甚麼興趣。 @482 @882
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 81
Fact 是 Fact， 可是....
這輛汽車，好看是好看，可是很慢。
In this sentence pattern, the first Fact is a topic and the rest of the
sentence is a comment. 是 is a strong affirmation, i.e., in this case it
means something like “it is indeed.” The remainder of the sentence
expresses an exception to what one might ordinarily expect given the
Fact. The examples says, “As regards this automobile, as for being
good looking, it is indeed good looking, however it is pretty slow.”
+
你的男朋友率是率可是他不聰名。 @492 @892 他們會吃苦是會吃苦...
那個孩子笨是笨可是他心地很好。 @103 @503 他懂政治是懂政治...
☉ 82
一 as an ADV meaning “No sooner than”
你一告訴你哥哥，他就跟我說了。
The word 一 in this pattern expresses the idea of the first thing that
happens following the action described by the predicate. So the example
may be translated: “No sooner did you tell your elder brother than he
passed the information on to me.” Frequently this pattern is used in
situations describing some kind of a surprise, as in, “The moment she
opened the door...”
+
我打開門，那個壞人就闖進來了。@113 @513
爸爸一開槍 ，那個壞人就..... @123 @ 523
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 83
VERB = VERB + 起來
我想起來了。
In this sense the 起來 ending indicates the inception of some some kind
of activity such as recalling, weeping, etc. The factors precipitating this
action may have been present for a while, but the action in response to
them begins suddenly. "He just started up crying..."
+
小娃娃哭起來了。 @133 @533
看到了媽媽，小弟弟笑起來了。 @143 @543
☉ 84
VERB = VERB + 起來
她看起來好像很糊塗。(其實...)
One may perceive someone or something through many different sense
modalities, through abstract processes, etc. Each mode of
understanding may give a different impression of the thing being
examined. The example says, "Just looking at her, she would seem to
be rather scatterbrained." Sentences of this type give the speaker an
easy way to back down if the initial impression proves false. They
frequently are followed by a contrary idea evidenced by other senses.
+
聽起來，你的車子有一點毛病。 @153 @553
臭豆腐吃起來很好。 @163 @563
聞起來，這個奶酪不能吃了。 @173 @573
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 85
Expressions with 打
不要把門打開！
In some of these sentences the sense of 打 is very figurative, and may
have a meaning something like the expression “hit on” or "strike on" in
English. The example is more straightforward, “Do not strike the door
open.”
+
我們打車去吧。 @183 @583
他打了那個女孩子的注意。 @193 @593
☉ 86
Resultative verbs (more)
他跑得不快。
When a V+得 structure is descriptive of how something is done it can
involve a negated SV, e.g., 跑得不慢, but when the question is whether
something can or cannot bu done, a negated verb complement would
not work, e.g., 走不不慢.
+
他寫得很亂。 @203 @603
他說的不清楚。 @213 @613
你寫得不錯。 @223 @623
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 87
No involving freedom from hindrance
那個小孩子不懂事。她要說什麼就說什麼！
要 V 什麼 就 V 什麼
-->
This is the Chinese way of saying “Do whatever you want.”
+
你們要吃甚麼就吃甚麼。@233 @633
你要到哪兒去就到哪兒去。@243 @643
☉ 88
誰要 PRED 誰就 PRED
誰要回去，誰就回去。
This is the Chinese way of saying, “Whoever wants to may go ahead
with it.”
+
誰要說臺灣話誰就說臺灣話。@253 @653
誰要坐飛機誰就坐飛機。 @263 @663
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 89
就是... Ns也 PRED
就是你去，我也不去。
Even if..., nevertheless...
+
就是總統去，我也不去。 @273 @673
就是媽媽參加，爸爸也不參加。@283 @683
☉ 90
就是 Ns 也 PRED
就是嚴老師也去了。
Even X does/did that.
+
就是教皇也喝那種酒。
就是KGB也怕黑籠會。
04/06/19 08/3/2
@293 @693
@313 @713
就是CIA也不知道。
@303 @703
☉ 91
TV N o --> No TV
他們沒有飯吃。
In English, an association of ideas like “eating food” can be reversed to
express a different kind of idea, “food to eat”, but in Chinese the same
thing happens without the insertion of the word “to.”
+
我們都沒有水喝。 @323 @723
他們沒有煤炭燒。 @333 @733
☉ 92
ADV = SV
不大喜歡
There are many examples of using a stative verb as an adverb, for
instance: 慢走, 老說話, 慢開, 不大明白, 很少有..., 白學, 老吃, 大吃,
晚回去, 不大喜歡
+
我不大了解你的意思。 @343 @743
你怎麼老吃花生米？@ 014@902
我白學了三年的俄聞。 @353 @753
請你不要晚到。 @363 @763
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 93
PRED = 越 PRED 越 PRED
他越吃花生米越想吃。
This pattern is used to express ideas of the form “the more x happens,
the more y happens,” but also statements to the effect that somebody
was “more and more” xyz. Since 來 has a sense of events coming down
to the present, as in 近來, those situations are expressed by predicates
like 越來越 xyz.
+
他們越吃越想吃。 @373 @773
她越高興越大聲說話。 @383 @783
他們越來越餓。 @393 @793
我越喝酒越醉。 @403 @803
☉ 94
ADV of manner = SV SV 兒地
我將來會好好兒地念書。
These adverbs indicate the attitude of mind with which one performs a
certain action. One cannot promise to run fast, but one can promise to
run as fast as one is able, to try to run fast, etc.
+
請你好好兒地想想。 @413 @813
她重重地打了我幾次。 @423 @823
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 95
Reduplication of MWs
這些書，本本都是她爸爸寫的。
These expressions are something like English adverbs such as “day
after day", "volume after volume", etc.
+
因為老鼠多，家家都養貓。 @433 @833
這些毛筆，枝枝都很貴。 @443 @843
這種紙，張張都有毛病。 @453 @853
☉ 96
Use of 一 as = 全
我們一家子都好！ 謝謝！
In this case 一 means “the entire.”
+
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 97
Passives with 被
他們都被土匪打死了。
被 might be translated as "by,” but it really means something more like
“was subjected to.”
+
咪咪被狗咬死了。 @463 @863
媽媽的糖被小孩子都吃掉了。@473 @873
我的車被妹妹開壞了。 @483 @883
爸爸的工具被哥哥丟掉。 @493 @893
☉ 98
SENTENCE == Ns TV N ido Ndo
你給她什麼(甚麼)禮物？
請您給我畫地圖。
The Mandarin Chinese handling of indirect objects works the same as
one of the English patterns.
(In Chinese one can also be said to give people the performanc of some
activity.)
+
爸爸給我一本書。 @104 @504
姐姐給我洗衣服。 @114 @514
哥哥給我一輛自行車。 @124 @524 媽媽給我修理電腦。@134 @534
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉ 99
the 是... 的 structure
她是大學畢業的。
This structure has many practical uses. It can indicate a kind of
passive idea when, e.g., a book is described as one that that Hemingway
wrote, it can be used to give prominence in a sentence to the element
that immediately follows 是, and it can give essentially the same
information as is given in English by putting the main verb of a
sentence in past tense.
+
☉ 100
Ns TV 著 No PRED
他喝著酒開車。
As a full verb, 著 means to reach out and latch onto something, to catch
on and hold. One catches cold (著涼), houses catch fire (著火), etc. So
figuratively as well as literally some action such as tying an object onto
a peg in the wall can reach out and catch something else and then hold
on. An example where that would not happen would be a case where
one tries to write on plastic with some kind of ink that would work on
paper but that does not adhere to the plastic. Ink from a "Sharpy" brand
pen would adhere, so one could describe that state as "寫著." So, as a
verb-final particle, 著 marks an action that has not been undone by
entropy or deliberate interference. A child may 哭起來, start up crying,
may weep for a few minutes and then stop, 哭了幾分鐘, or the child
may still be continuing in distress at which time one says that child
還哭著呢. The final 呢, the functional opposite of a final 了,
emphasizes that there has not been a change. The child is still in a
04/06/19 08/3/2
continuing state of distress.
When used to modify a main predicate that PRED element gives the
main action, the thing that the subject should be mainly concerned to do,
whereas the TV 著 No element indicates something subsidiary being
maintained at a lesser level of importance at the same time. Although it
is dangerous, one could take an occasional swig of alcohol while
driving, but it would be impossible to drink steadily and occasionally
put hands to the steering wheel and feet to pedals and brakes, so that
fact determines that the example sentence above is the correct way to
state things.
+
她聽著音樂作功課。 @144 @544
馬站著睡覺。 @154 @554
他躺著念小說。 @164 @564
他們談著話散步。 @174 @574
☉ 101
SENTENCE == SENTENCEa CONJ SENTENCEb
我本來要去，可是現在我不去了。
The words for “and” that can join nouns cannot be used to join
predicates. 而且(
)、並且 (
), etc. are used instead.
+
他很聰明，並且(他)很有錢。 @184 @584
這種工具很漂亮，並且很有用。 @194 @594
那個地方很美麗，並且水很好。 @105 @505
那種魚很好吃，而且很有營養。 @115 @515
04/06/19 08/3/2
☉102
IMPERATIVES
下車！
As with English, it is common to omit the subject in imperative
sentences.
+
走開！ @052@593
回去！ @103@995
上車！ @013 @703
注意聽！ @033 @493
☉ 103
PRED = 不 SV1 不 SV2
這本書不好不壞。
Sentences of this time are commonly used to indicate that the subject is
in some state intermediate between the two stated extremes.
+
她的男朋友不高不矮。@023@583
今天的天氣不冷不熱。@43@993
這部汽車不輕不重。@053@483
這條路不寬不窄。@063@
+
04/06/19 08/3/2
不但...而且...
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Answers:
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