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Name_______________________________________________________________________________ STUDY GUIDE 2ND 9 WEEKS EXAM Scientific Method and Engineering Design scientific method hypothesis model temperature volume meter mass density controlled experiment variable technology engineering engineering design process Cells tissue organ organ system organism unicellular multicellular cell membrane plasma membrane cells organelles cytoplasm nucleus prokaryotic eukaryotic bacteria cell wall ribosome organelles Movement into and out of cells diffusion osmosis passive transport active transport endocytosis exocytosis prototype prosthesis cost benefit analysis bioengineering assistive bioengineering area endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria chloroplast golgi complex vesicle vacuole lysosomes DNA cytokinesis mitosis chromatids cell cycle centromere chromosome binary fission homologous chromosomes Human Body Systems Integumentary Respiratory Lymphatic Endocrine Reproductive Digestive Muscular Skeletal Urinary Nervous Cardiovascular Asexual/Sexual Reproduction; Flowers and Pollination; Photosynthesis and Respiration petal sepals pistil stamen stigma style asexual reproduction imperfect fission cloning artificial insemination egg ovary ovule anther pollen filament pollinators sexual reproduction regeneration budding external fertilization hermaphrodism sperm pollination fertilization conjugation angiosperm self- pollination cross pollination perfect runners cuttings internal Fertilization corolla Flow of Matter and Energy photosynthesis chloroplast chlorophyll xylem phloem stomata transpiration guard cells respiration root hairs decomposition word equation for photosynthesis combustion cuticle fossil fuels Heredity heredity recessive trait dominant trait gene allele phenotype genotype probability Punnett square homologous chromosome meiosis mitosis sex chromosome pedigree cross-pollination selective breeding purebred hybrid heterozygous homozygous dominant homozygous recessive self- pollination incomplete dominance Genes and DNA DNA mutation phosphate transcription RNA base replication Protein synthesis translation nucleotide gene sugar tRNA proteins ribosomes mRNA Concepts to Know: 1. 2. 3. 4. What are the 6 steps of the scientific method? What are the basic steps of a lab report? What are the 3 kinds of models? What are the basic lab tools that were covered in class? Be able to recognize the different lab tools. List them all! 5. What are the different safety sign warnings commonly found in a science classroom? Draw the different pictures and label what they stand for. 6. Explain which science tools you would need to measure length, area, fluid volume, volume of a solid, mass, density, and temperature. 7. What are the standard units for length, area, volume, mass, density, and temperature? 8. What is a controlled experiment? What must be in a controlled experiment? 9. What are the Benefits and limitations of each type of model? 10. What is engineering? 11. How do you know if you have a good hypothesis? 12. What are assistive bioengineered devices? 13. What are the parts that make up a microscope? 14. What is the only factor that differs between the control group and experimental group? 15. Why is it important to have a control group? 16. What is a prototype and why is it used? 17. What are the steps of the Engineering design process? 18. What is true of scientific theory? Scientific law? 19. Draw and explain the differences between the plant cell and animal cell under the compound light microscope. 20. Who discovered cells, and what he was looking at? 21. Who was the first person to see single celled organisms? 22. What 3 things did Leeuwenhoek first to see or discover? 23. What are 3 organs found in animals? 24. What are 3 organs found in plants? 25. What is the relationship among cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems? 26. What is the function of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems? 27. What are the 3 parts of the cell theory? 28. What are 3 similarities between plant and animal cells? 29. What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? 30. What are the functions of these organelles that both plant and animals have in common? (nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosome, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, ribosomes, DNA, and lysosome). 31. What 3 organelles are found only in plant cells? Explain the function of each 32. Draw and label the basic structure of BOTH an animal and plant cell. 33. What is diffusion? 34. How does osmosis occurs? 35. What is the difference between passive and active transport? 36. How do large particles get into and out of cells? 37. What are the 3 stages of the cell cycle? 38. What are the 4 phases of mitosis? 39. What are the six steps of the cell cycle? 40. Draw a series of diagrams showing the movement of chromosomes during mitosis. 41. What is the difference in animal and plant cell division? What does a plant cell division have that an animal cell does not? 42. Draw a flower and Label the Parts of flower. Below the picture write out each part of the flower and include that parts function. 43. List the 3 steps of pollination from the “Flower Facts” handout. 44. Write all the different types of Asexual/ Sexual Reproduction and the types of organisms that reproduce that way. Also include the definition with the type of Asexual/Sexual reproduction. 45. List the advantages and disadvantages of Asexual and sexual reproduction. 46. Ovule – egg inside becomes a __________when fertilized 47. Ovary becomes a _________________. 48. Vegetative propagation=____________ Reproduction 49. List the Formulas for Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration also label the reactants and products within the formula. 50. What are the functions of guard cells, stomata (stoma), cuticle, and epidermis on a leaf? 51. What is the difference between xylem and phloem? 52. What is the purpose of the roots, stem, and leaf of a plant? 53. Where are chloroplasts and stomatas located on a leaf? What are their functions? 54. What are the various parts of the carbon/oxygen cycle? 55. Where does water and gases enter and leave a plant? 56. What is the difference between general respiration and cellular respiration? 57. How is oxygen and carbon exchanged between living things and the environment? 58. Where does photosynthesis and cellular respiration takes place? 59. What are the 4 types of breathing? Give examples of organisms that breathe that way. 60. What is a phenotype? 61. What is a genotype? What are the three types of Genotypes? 62. How was Mendel able to cross breed pea plants? 63. How does mitosis compare to meiosis? 64. Construct a Punnett square with two heterozygous genotypes. 65. What is the percent chance that the dominate trait will get passed down in the above punnett square? 66. In Mendel’s experiments when did recessive traits show up? 67. How do human body cells reproduce? 68. What is the difference between the way sex cells reproduce and other human cells reproduce? 69. What happens when there is incomplete dominance between two traits? 70. How do you determine the probability a trait will appear given the genotype of the parents? 71. How many chromosomes are in sex cells? 72. Where are genes located? 73. Who discovered that the amount of adenine always equals the amount of thymine in DNA and the amount of guanine always equals the amount of cytosine in DNA? 74. What did Watson and Crick’s model of DNA look like? 75. DNA used to identify a committed crime is called what? 76. Where are proteins synthesized by messenger RNA and transfer RNA? 77. What does a DNA molecule look like? 78. What is the material made of amino acids that cause most of the differences we see in organisms? 79. What does DNA stand for? 80. What are the main organs for each of the 11 body systems we discussed in class? 81. What are the functions for each of the 11 body systems we discussed in class?