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Grade 7 Science Summer Work Name: ___________________ International School of Arts and Sciences ISAS 2012 – 2013 A. Fill crossword puzzle on the next page using the clues provided. (To do this activity, you can get help from the book, Unit I Chapter 1: The Atmosphere pgs 1-24). ACROSS 2. atmospheric layer above the troposphere 6. the coldest layer of the atmosphere 7. Air pollutants such as ozone and smog are ______ pollutants. 10. the effect that causes objects to move in a curved direction due to Earth’s rotation 11. a device used to remove some pollutants before they are released by smokestacks 14. wind belts that extend from the poles to 60° latitude 17. a gas in the stratosphere that helps to protect Earth from ultraviolet radiation 19. the movement of air caused by differences in air pressure 20. the effect in which gases in the atmosphere absorb thermal energy and radiate it back to Earth 21. Heat transfer from one material to another by direct contact is thermal_____. DOWN 1. narrow belts of high speed winds 3. Winds that blow from 30° latitude to the equator are _____ winds. 4. the uppermost atmospheric layer 5. mixture of gases that surrounds Earth 8. the measure of the force with which air molecules are pushing on Earth’s surface 9. a rise in average global temperatures 12. transfer of thermal energy by the circulation or movement of a liquid or gas 13. global winds found between 30° and 60° latitude 15. damaging type of precipitation caused by oxides of sulfur and nitrogen 16. the layer of the atmosphere where we live 18. the transfer of energy by waves 2 B. Earth’s Amazing Atmosphere (To do this activity, you can get help from the book Chapter 1 section 1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere Pgs 4-9) The Earth’s atmosphere is divided into four layers. Choose the layer in Column B that best matches the description in Column A, and write your answer in the space provided. Then, use the directions below to label the diagram of the Earth’s atmosphere on the next page. Column A _____ 1. the layer of the Earth’s atmosphere you live in _____ 2. the coldest layer of the Earth’s atmosphere; lies directly below the uppermost layer Column B a troposhere b. stratosphere _____ 3. the uppermost layer of the atmosphere c. mesosphere _____ 4. the layer that contains most of the atmosphere’s ozone; above the layer that you live in d. exosphere 1. Label the four layers of the atmosphere on the diagram on the next page. 2. There is no clear boundary between the uppermost layer of the atmosphere and space. The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner and blends into space. At the very top of the diagram, write the word space with an arrow pointing up. 3. The ozone layer is the upper part of the atmospheric layer that contains most of the atmosphere’s ozone. Use the symbol for ozone to draw in the ozone layer on the diagram. 4. The ozone layer is important because it absorbs ultraviolet 3 radiation. Draw a wavy line coming from space to represent the UV radiation that is absorbed by the ozone layer. 5. Ions are electrically charged particles. When nitrogen and oxygen atoms absorb solar energy in the lower thermosphere, they become ions. This part of the thermosphere is called the ionosphere. Draw the ions in the ionosphere. Remember that the thermosphere is very thin. There are almost no ions near the top of the thermosphere. 6. The troposphere is the densest layer of the atmosphere. It is much denser than the other layers. Shade this layer heavily to indicate how dense it is. 7. The stratosphere is very thin. Shade this lightly. 8. The mesosphere is even less dense than the stratosphere. Shade this layer very lightly. 4 5 C. the Atmosphere Some Like It Hot 1. Andrea likes school, but she loves the summer even more. Over the summer, she observed many processes that reminded her of energy concepts she learned about in school. Fill in the energy concepts she has observed in the space provided. Choose from radiation, conduction, convection, greenhouse effect, and global warming. a. Doesn’t it seem like lately every summer is the hottest on record? _________________________________________________________ b. Ouch! The sand is burning my feet! Why didn’t I bring my sandals? ___________________________________________________________ c. Ugh! Roll down the window! Next time we should park in the shade. I’m melting back here. __________________________________________________________ d. This is my favorite part of making soup. See how the spices come up in the middle of the pot then go shooting out to the side and back down? Over and over. That’s so cool. __________________________________________________________ e. I love to be outside. The sun makes me feel warm all over. __________________________________________________________ 6 2. Answer the clues below by filling in the open boxes provided. Then arrange the letters from the highlighted boxes to answer the final riddle. a. The sun supplies this. b. It’s the Earth’s sunblock. c. How low (or high) can you go? d. A must for kites. e. It spews from cars and trucks. We wouldn’t be here without it: ----- ---- ----- ----- ---- ---3. We Need a Pollution Solution: Rearrange the letters found in the belching smokestack below to form words related to air pollution. Note that one letter—the same letter—is missing from each of the words. 7 D. Understanding Weather 1. Decide which two-letter air mass symbol best represents each of the ―microclimates‖ below. The symbols are mP, cP, mT, & cT. Write the appropriate symbol in the space provided. The air mass over . . . a. a steaming cup of tomato soup ___________________ b. a glass of iced tea ___________________ c. a hot bubble bath ___________________ d. a lamp ___________________ e. an ice cube tray ___________________ 2. Poetic Fronts Use the Poetic Precipitation Reporter’s poems to classify the following fronts. Assume the air is moving from the left to the right. a. Warm air on the right Cold air on the left. There should have been a rainstorm But a cold front caused a theft ___________________ b. Warm air on the left Cold air on the right Brought a little rain And it was warm all night ___________________ c. To the right was warm air To the left was cold When I went outside An umbrella I did hold ___________________ 8 BIOMES 1. For the following biomes, give 2 examples of animals and 1 example of plants that are found in those biomes. Biome Animal 1 Animal 2 Plant Temperate grassland Chaparrals Tropical Savanna Tundra 2. Complete the following concept map using the terms given below: Glacial period- Warm- Interglacial period- Ice spreads- sea level increases-Cold- sea level increases- Ice melts. Ice age 9 E. weather and Climate 1. List two differences between climate and weather? Climate Weather 2. Why are the climates on the two sides of the mountain very different? 3. What factors distinguish one biome from another biome? 4. List all of the Earth’s land biomes? 5. Which one of the above biomes is the hottest and which one is the coldest. 10 6. Which one of the above biomes is the most fertile? 7. Identify each biome in the following pictures. 11 3. Connect the dots below to both spell and draw tools of weather science. The first letter is starred. 12 13 14 15 16 17 F. Configuring a Constellation In this puzzle, you will create and identify a common constellation. Begin with the first statement and decide if it is true or false. If it is true, circle the directions under the true column, and vice-versa. When you have completed the statements, follow the directions you have circled and connect the dots in the diagram below. On the line provided, write the name of the constellation you have drawn. G. Astronomy 18 1. Draw picture of the solar system according to Ptolemy’s theory. 2. Define the following terms: refracting telescope, reflecting telescope, altitude, horizon, day, month and year. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3. What are the two kinds of telescope? Which kind do professional astronomers use? List three advantages of this telescope. 19 ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 4. What is a light year? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 5. What are constellations? How many constellations did the sky divided to? Name two? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 6. Explain the following terms: Blueshift: ___________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Redshift:_______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 20 H. Stella Star, Ace Reporter Complete this worksheet after you finish reading the section Stella Star, a reporter for the Back in Times, interviewed scientists for an article she is writing on the history of astronomy. She interviewed Ptolemy, Kepler, Copernicus, Newton, Galileo, Brahe, and Hubble. When Stella looked over her notes, she discovered that she forgot to indicate which scientist said what. Help Stella organize her notes by identifying the scientist most likely to have said each statement. Write your answer in the space provided. 1. _____________________ ―I’ve finally worked out an explanation as to why planets orbit the sun and moons orbit planets. It is gravity that keeps an object in orbit!‖ 2. _____________________ ―The Earth is the center of the universe, and all of the planets and stars orbit our planet. My theory predicts the motion of the planets better than any other theory of my day.‖ 3. _____________________ ―It appears the Milky Way has neighbors. I know many of you think our galaxy is the only one, but it looks like that’s just not so. This means the universe is a lot bigger than we thought.‖ 21 4. _____________________ ―I prefer the theory of the suncentered universe over other theories. The telescope has helped me to discover that the planets are not just dots of light, but physical bodies like the Earth.‖ 5. _____________________ ―After several years of very precise observations, I conclude that our universe is Earth-centered. The sun and the moon revolve around the Earth, while the other planets revolve around the sun.‖ 6. _____________________ ―For centuries people have been thinking that the Earth is at the universe’s center, but I’m certain that the sun is at its center. I am certain that the planets orbit the sun.‖ 7. _____________________ ―I do not agree with my mentor’s theory that the sun revolves around the Earth. I have used his precise data to propose another theory in which all of the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits.‖ 22 I. The table below lists different astronomers or their contributions to astronomy. Complete the missing boxes. Astronomer Contribution Copernicus Discovered that there are other galaxies than the Milky Way Kepler Earth-centered universe Earth-centered universe, but the planets revolve around the sun. Newton Used the telescope to describe the craters on the moon J. The images below show the 2 types of optical telescopes. For 23 each one, specify the type and if it uses a lens or a mirror to gather the light. Type: ____________________________ Mirror or lens: ___________________ Type: ____________________________ Mirror or lens: ___________________ K. Match the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided. (K: 16 pts, 2pts each) 24 _______roughly, the time required for the moon to orbit once around the Earth _______an instrument that uses a set of a. refracting telescope b. horizon lenses to focus light _______the angle between an object in the c. constellation sky and the horizon _______the time required for the Earth to d. day rotate once on its axis _______the line where the sky and the e. year Earth appear to meet _______a region of the sky that contains a f. altitude recognizable star pattern _______the time required for the Earth to g. month orbit once around the Sun ________An instrument that uses a mirror to gather and focus light h. reflecting telescope 25 L. Skills practice lab The Sun’s Yearly Trip Through the Zodiac Constellations in the sky. The 12 constellations make up a ―belt‖ in the sky called the zodiac. Each month, the sun appears to be in a different constellation. The ancient Babylonians developed a 12month calendar based on the idea that the sun moved through this circle of constellations as it revolved around the Earth. They believed that the constellations of stars were fixed in position and that the sun and planets moved past the stars. Later, Copernicus developed a model of the solar system in which the Earth and the planets revolve around the sun. But how can Copernicus’s model of the solar system be correct when the sun appears to move through the zodiac? MATERIALS • ball, inflated • box, cardboard, large • cards, index (12 Using Scientific Methods ASK A QUESTION 1. If the sun is at the center of the solar system, why does it appear to move with respect to the stars in the sky? FORM A HYPOTHESIS 2. Write a possible answer to the question above. Explain your reasoning. _______________________________________________________________ 26 TEST THE HYPOTHESIS 3. Set the chairs in a large circle so that the backs of the chairs all face the center of the circle. Make sure that the chairs are equally spaced, like the numbers on the face of a clock. 4. Write the name of each constellation in the zodiac on the index cards. You should have one card for each constellation. 5. Stand inside the circle with the masking tape and the index cards. Moving counterclockwise, attach the cards to the backs of the chairs in the following order: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces. 6. Use masking tape to label the ball ―Sun.‖ 7. Place the large, closed box in the center of the circle. Set the roll of masking tape flat on top of the box. 8. Place the ball on top of the roll of masking tape so that the ball stays in place. 9. Stand inside the circle of chairs. You will represent the Earth. As you move around the ball, you will model the Earth’s orbit around the sun. Notice that even though only the ―Earth‖ is moving, as seen from the Earth, the sun appears to move through the entire zodiac! 10. Stand in front of the chair labeled ―Aries.‖ Look at the ball representing the sun. Then, look past the ball to the chair at the opposite side of the circle. Where in the zodiac does the sun appear to be? _______________________________________________________________ 27 11. Move to the next chair on your right (counterclockwise). Where does the sun appear to be? Is it in the same constellation? Explain your answer. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 12. Repeat step 10 until you have observed the position of the sun from each chair in the circle. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ ANALYZE THE RESULTS 1. Did the sun appear to move through the 12 constellations, even though the Earth was orbiting around the sun? How can you explain this apparent movement? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ DRAW CONCLUSIONS 2. How does Copernicus’s model of the solar system explain the apparent movement of the sun through the constellations of the zodiac? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 28