Download PDF - Blood Journal

From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 11, 2017. For personal use only.
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
W.
BJJOHN
I
N AN
earlier
the
tion
mary
of
results
cytes,
report’
electron
obtained
STUDIES
M.D.,
REBUCK,
and
neutrophilic
cytes
tained
Several
man
excellent,
electron
micrograph
problems
has
on
than
the
and
smooth
Hall,
the
localization
study
muscle,5
and
and Jakus7’3
have
and
Scott
and
Scott
calcium
cells
to our
and
and
studied
much
tissue
have
relatively
large,
thick
has imposed
somewhat
viruses.
Anderson6
contributed
inflammatory
metamyelocytes,
lymphostages
of normoblasts
ob-
of other
particularly
WOODS
of experimental
of these
microscope
of bacteria
of minerals,
CELLS
the technics
utilized
in the applicaof the blood
cells and the prelimconsisted
of the study
of lympho-
studies
even though
the study
cells with
the electron
L.
neutrophilic
and the later
of man.
as
been reported,
delicate
tissue
BLOOD
HELEN
leukocytes
well as the neutrophiles,
and their
precursors,
red corpuscles
from
the hematopoietic
organs
of
AND
we have described
briefly
microscope
to the study
by these
technics.
They
macrophages
exudates
OF
already
and
Packer24
reported
magnesium,
connective
in striated
tissue.
understanding
Schmitt,
of protoplasmic
fibrils in their studies
of collagen
fibers, protozoan
trichocysts,
muscle
fibers,
flagella,
cilia and fibrin.
Richards,
Anderson
and Hance’4
depicted
electron
graphs
of striated
muscle.
Clark,
Barnes
and Baylor’5
and later
Buchholz’6
reported
on chromosome
chondria
and
A small
number
Claude
of guinea
Claude
and Fullam’9
fibroblasts
and nerve
blood
inary
structure.
sections
devised
endings.
of papers
pig
liver
a method
have
cells or their derivatives.
report
mentioned
above,
and
Fullam’7’
with
the
of electron
dealt
with
To the best
they
have
studied
18
electron
mitoPorter,
of tissue
microscope
sperm,
microhave
isolated
microscope.
microscopy
electron
more
greater
cultures
studies
of
of the
of our knowledge,
save for our prelimconcerned
themselves
with
studies
of
the blood
platelets
or the mature
red blood
corpuscles.
Wolpers
and Ruska2#{176}reported
on the structure
of the blood
platelets
and their
relation
to fibrin.
The
platelet
granulomere
was found
to consist
of from
6o to 12.0 granues;
rarely
as
few as
work-like
2.0
electron
vacuole
granules
structure
were seen. The hyalomeric
(their
figure
9). In the
micrographs
and process
hyalomere,
but
tachment
regularly
for the
spaced,
gated
the
blood
corpuscles
depict:
formation
finally,
persistence
fibrin
dark
structure
the platelets
swelling,
by the hyalomere,
loss
of the
granules
micelles.
In a later
cross bands
in fibrin
of the
and
red corpuscular
hemolysed
protoplasm
of
course
paper
fibrils.
aggregation
of all save
a fine
process
as a place
of deposition
Wolpers2’
separately
Electron
are depicted
micrographs
by him.
frametheir
of granules,
a remnant
of
Ruska
and
Wolpcrs22
membranes.
erythrocytes
exhibited
clotting
the
The
or atdetected
investiof red
membranes
of the latter
were studied
after lipid extraction
and were composed
of an intricate
meshwork
of long and slender
protein
fibrils.
Barnes,
Burton
and Scott23 portrayed
in their Fig.
a polystyrene-silica
replica
of red blood
corpuscles.
Jones
24 recently
From
the Department
of
Laboratories,
“Henry
Ford
‘75
Hospital,”
Detroit, Michigan.
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 11, 2017. For personal use only.
176
ELECTRON
was
able
cells
of a quality
to make
MiCROSCOPE
methacrylate
similar
STUDIES
surface
to those
replicas
We
have
employed
applying
tO
of
bleeding
lacerations
points
First,
cover
microscope,
a
lymphocytic
the
hemorrhage
investigation
over
small
drop
content
of blood
proper
small
away
of the
depth.
the
bed
lymphocytic
were
lesions
of the
was next
exudate.
over
and
obtained
by
produced
in
a circumscribed
corium
Care
was
must
tiny
functions
of egg white
of the cellular
macrophages
of man
the
To produce
these small
lesions,
the
by means
of a sterile
scalpel
or sterile
scraped
layer
into
of
lymphocytes,
exudate
slips
was slowly
the papillary
indicate
or obvious
Kolouch’s25
micrographs
METHODS
of the forearm
of human
volunteers.
was first cleansed
with
alcohol,
then
minute
CELLS
obtaining
inflammatory
glass
blade,
the epithelium
3 mm. in diameter,
until
the
AND
technics.
the
formvar-covered
corium
forearm
razor
several
leukocytes
BLOOD
of polystyrene.
MATERIALS
neutrophilic
OF
in
placed
area 2.
A few
exposed.
be taken
lesion.
to
avoid
In keeping
rabbits
with
on
the lesion,
with
the light
to increase
A formvar-covered
glass
cover
slip was next placed
over the lesion,
film side
down.
The cover slip was then covered
with
a square
of cardboard
and the entire
preparation
was covered
with
surgical
adhesive
tape, approximately
2. by
4 inches
in size. Additional
pressure
over the lesion
can be obtained
by placing
a flat-bottomed
cork over the adhesive
held in place by a long narrow
In an hour
or two the cells
surmounting
the
adhesive
band.
of the inflammatory
surface
of the formvar
film of the cover-slip,
single-cell#{231}d layer.
When
at definite
timed
cellular
the
to
the
exudate,
lesion
which
migrated
that
are
earlier,
Scott
and
the
muscle
specimen
a suitable
electron
immediately
modification
by plunging
The final
over
the
to
cover-slip,
Wyckoff’s26
cover-slip
by a second
undersurface
of the
Packer
into
mounting
cell-containing
microscope.
had
area
The
between
a small
portion
screen
at this stage will
thus
actually
is a direct
mounted
by
satisfactory
imbedding
down
the
lesion
in
and
microscope.
the
Inasmuch
as over
it.
between
then,
method
of sampling
a formvar-covered
instead
been
of surmounting
and
under
out in a thin,
to sample
the
in vacuo
It should
according
be noted
for electron
the
Place
selected
areas
first
microscopy
Next
a strip
tape,
of the
specimen
screen
for observation
may
be
roughly
tape
Scotch
screen
the
ioo
fresh
mesh
exudative
the
lesion
with
is affixed
tape
is
is then
interposed
removal
of the
film. The intact
the specimen
these specimens
in the
adjusted
of Scotch
entire
slide.
The
as the specimen
and the Scotch
an equal
area
observed
technic,
has
to the
dehydration.
as follows:
of such
of the film
carry
along
mounting
Another
obtained
which
suitability
is then
from
the lesion
and the
glass cover-slip.
The cells
cover-slip,
while
still on
muscle
before
cork
migrate
dehydrated
technic.
striated
isopentane
is performed
by examination
under
the optical
over
the specimen
screen
as well
removed
and the film adheres
to
This
prepared
chilled
the
themselves
is desired
it
is removed
film-covered
film-covered
quick-frozen
and
the Altmann-Gersh2725
of
area;
exudate
spreading
intervals,
film-covered
recovered
is immediately
cover-slip
specimen
cells are
screen
and the
are not replicas.
cells
specimen
screen,
the
of man
film
formvar-covered
film.
was
side
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 11, 2017. For personal use only.
JOHN
glass
cover-slip.
included,
For
The
W.
screen
REBUCK
is covered
this
time serving
merely
hours
the diapedesis
and
a few
as well
as the
cellular
debris,
purposes.
But
if the
film-covered
fine
sterile
out
and
forceps
were
microscopy.
A third
spleen
technic
and
portions
organs
of a small
a formvar-covered
glass
so obtained
ferred
were
to
cells
paratus
also
screens
were
not
and
Downey
his
blood
lished
cells with
the
an illustrated
experience
technic
has
application
by
hours,
the
will
gradually
study
of the
blood
at
slides.
autopsy
were
is very
or
to the
been
gained
to electronic
in optical
studies
is not
nodes,
fresh
of
surgical
The preparations
were
then trans-
films
described
work
above
when
were
been
the
elaborate
ap-
air-dried.
persistent
cytologic
advocates
examination
and Winer32
for optical
studies
by means
difficult.
in which
more
merely
have
optical
microscope.
Sweitzer
description
of this
technic
specimen
of electron
lymph
Both
The
detailed
of
thin
preparations
pressure.
in vacuo.
technic
means
utilized.
The freshly
brought
in contact
with
gently
smearing
of the
imprint
glass
country293’
as an adjunct
cells
of obtaining
preparations
this
in
exudate
micrographic
These formvar-covered
outlined
in current
texts
in clinical
imprint
associates
imprint
replaced
stripping
the
available,
of the
electron
are
as
Rarely
is also
the screen.
the lesion,
for
formvar-covered
intact.
cover-slip
about
into
lesion
consisted
modified
retained
glass
screens
slide, without
any
frozen
and dehydrated
by the
again
was
upon
the
and specimens
obtained
portion
of the organ
specimens
surface
the
of man
sterile
177
in the
manner
for
marrow
of such
pathology
cut
employed
bone
the
be obtained.
can
usual
L. WOODS
protective
surface
of red corpuscles
obscure
of several
the
in
as before,
screens
preparations
prepared
HELEN
as a bland
extravasations
will
at intervals
satisfactory
screens
AND
of the
of the
have recently
examination.
imprint
pubOnce
technic,
its
RESULTS
Fig.
is
is an electron
i
shown
merely
micrograph
for
purposes
Such a corpuscle
shows
of hemolysed
corpuscles
of a fibrous
network
micrograph
fine
as
electron
no stromal
has shown
chromatin
the
red
undergoes
blastic
fig.
development;
dispersed
cytoplasm
cell
in
was
this
cells
(fig.
chromatin
of both
these
its
magnification.
Fig. 4 is an electron
micrograph
from
exudate
the
inflammatory
9 by 35 microns.
The horseshoe
and
the
cytoplasmic
It was
shaped
obtained
surface
scale
(X
It
5400).
is also
shown.
the
to
plainly
X 5400.
3) is scant
of a small
16.5
The
indicating
and
2.
(X
5400)
arm,
hours
is an electron
and
after
to
inflammation
A portion
X
cell
in
stage
Note
the
less nuclear
macrophage
magnified
nuclear-cytoplasmic
seen.
central
polychromatophilic
magnified
2.
Fig.
from a bone marrow
imprint.
The
obscured
by denser,
coarse chromatin
nucleus,
the
are
corpuscle
pyknosis.
to
of the
nucleus,
blood
A micron
curvature.
natural
corresponds
,
this
surface
normoblast
are partially
particles,
cell
red
orientation.
details,
but Wolpers’22
work
on the membranes
that the surface
of the membrane
is composed
the
following
micrograph,
finely
size
of an orthochromatic
distinct,
clumps
of a mature
of
not
the
larger
areas
of
The
at
this
maturity.
remarkable
next
of normo-
or histiocyte,
obtained
This cell measures
5400.
had
interface,
of the
same
been
the
cell
produced.
cytoplasm
magnified
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 11, 2017. For personal use only.
178
ELECTRON
to Xi8,ooo
in
cellular
skeleton.
framework.
area
shows
Only
the
of
fig.
MICROSCOPE
an
The
greater
the
lower
interlacing
of fig.
central
but
is
trasting
structure.
the
spaces
measure
measure
than
32.0
the
The
nuclear
cytoplasmic
interstices,
15
X 30
corresponding
structures
The
nuclear
in the
to
form
delicacy
micrograph
afford
to
a
of the
contains
ample
type
of
nuclear
a small
study
of
its
con-
4
TO
are,
millimicrons
millimicrons.
goes
the
of the
although
protoplasm,
only
x oo
I
CELLS
which
sufficient
FIGS.
within
BLOOD
depicts
portion
it
OF
network
portion
bay,
cytoplasmic
STUDIES
on the
some
and
some
strands
cytoplasmic
average,
of
the
of the
or fibrils
smaller
smaller
larger
appear
protoplasm.
than
those
cytoplasmic
nuclear
spaces
to be thicker
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 11, 2017. For personal use only.
JOHN
Fig.
6 (Xii,ooo)
portion
tion
of
of
the
is
nuclear
nuclear
W.
an
REBUCK
electron
indentation
membrane
can
AND
micrograph
and
of a portion
of this
lower
portion
nuclear
nuclear
structural
same
cell.
protoplasm.
L.
of
and cytoplasmic
be observed
as an
FIGs.
cytoplasmic
HELEN
bands.
The
upper
The
5
AND
‘79
WOODS
this
cell
depicting
the
major
bay areas.
The U-shaped
anchoring
membrane
for
por-
both
6
Fig.
portion
nuclear
7 (X94,ooo),
of this
membrane
is
again
figure
runs
a micrograph
is cytoplasm,
obliquely
the
across
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 11, 2017. For personal use only.
I
8o
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
STUDIES
OF
BLOOD
CELLS
L
/..
:,..
Fio. 7
the lower
made out
third
easily
of the
in
either
figure.
the
The individual
fibrillar
cross-pieces,
nuclear
or cytoplasmic
protoplasm,
which
actually
can
measure
be
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 11, 2017. For personal use only.
JOHN
only
140
tO
W.
REBUCK
or so Angstrom
2.00
AND
units
HELEN
in breadth
L.
WOODS
and
about
i8i
iooo
Angstrom
units
in length.
Fig.
8 is
a micrograph
of
a second
macrophage
the
from
i6.
hour
stage
of in-
flammation
in man. To the best of our knowledge
this is the first electron
micrograph
depicting
phagocytosis.
Cellular
debris
has been ingested
by a small mononuclear.
This phagocyte
only measures
7 x io microns.
A delicate
rim of cytoplasm
depicted
is
of
bridging
particle.
The
vacuolar
lining
wall
is formed
by loops
the vacuolar
lumen
and
lining
for the vacuole.
for short
distances
into
vacuole.
Fig.
(x
9
is
5400)
of inflammation
view
of
of the
without
the
sticky
cytoplasm
character
of
finding.
Fig.
i I
i i ,ooo)
radiate
throughout
crystal
artefacts,
is
technic.
Although
that
such artefacts
tion
4 to
such
3,
fig.
Icr’s34
in
cytoplasm
concept
form
probable
blood
that
cells
This
block.
of
of protoplasmic
platelets.
hour
peripheral
finding
nuclear
membrane
at the
seem
site of the
to project
be due
to slight
if not,
some
shrinkage
the well
related
way
portion
can
of the
cytoquite
known
to this
cell
body
of
previous
cell at the eleventh
of feather-like,
clear
areas
warrants
some
discussion
of
ice
the light
microscope,
nuclear
detail
and
of guinea
The
nuclear
excluded
however,
pig
operation
liver
cells
of such
at some
factors
his
ice
crystal
distance
in the
and cytoplasmic
spaces
at this time. Examination
that
he found
produce
fine
artefacts
produc-
of our figs.
of Simpare
many
larger
than the protoplasmic
spaces
of our macrophages.
Kistmust
also be considered,
namely
that the water
of biological
tissues
of small
isolated
droplets
and may undercool
without
freezing.
It is
the
water
content
Certainly
approach
surface
area
phase
conditions
reveals,
eleventh
which
will
appear
below,
we do not feel
artefacts.
Simpson33
analyzed
the various
produced
in protoplasm
by the Altmann
in sections
tissue
themselves.
our preparations
ratio
of large
gaseous
I,
plate
of times
the
the
of
cytoplasm.
of the
surface
hundreds
could
the same lesion
as the
linear
arrangements
of the extremely
small interstitial
i a cannot,
of course,
be definitely
son’s
blood
from
Several
This
of
his work
was performed
with
were small
enough
to disrupt
of the
the
from
of
a micrograph
the
and
the electrons;
cells may be in
impact
the
from
Fig. io (X i8,ooo)
is a high power
of the same cell. The structural
cytoplasm
membrane.
although,
for
reasons
represent
ice crystal
ice crystal
artefacts
that
such
spaces
factors
influencing
reticulation
nucleus,
a distinct
taken
macrophage
In all of these
macrophages
structures
of the protoplasm
with
the initial
of the surface
a fourth
macrophage
hour
of inflammation.
third
a
of the forearm.
and cytoplasm
shaped
in this cell.
the fibrillar
forming
(x
of
lesion
nucleus
horseshoe
also be observed
plasmic
surface,
freely,
a micrograph
in another
of the
a portion
features
is
the
fibrillae
which
usually
arch out towards
the cytoplasm
after
forming
a scallop-like
free ends of these fibrillae
appear
to project
cytoplasmic
return
into
Occasionally
the
over
of any
the
Their
the optimum
to small
tissue
consequence
technic
framework
of the
it is true
employed.
similar
electron
enveloped
macrophages
that
is higher
according
as to size of the piece
volume.
It is unlikely
the
cells
than
to Simpson’s
of our
that
of the
standards,
of tissue frozen
and
that an insulating
preparations
under
the
Wolpers
and Ruska2#{176}demonstrated
a type
to that under
discussion,
in the hyalomere
of
micrographs
are
of
platelets
not
submitted
to
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 11, 2017. For personal use only.
182.
freezing
membrane
ELECTRON
of any
type.
likewise
MICROSCOPE
Wolpers’22
shows
electron
a type
onstrating
that
of ice
the
crystal
fibrillar
artefact.
structure
OF
micrograph
fibrillar
of delicate
FIGS.
product
STUDIES
8 TO
of
BLOOD
CELLS
of an unfrozen
structural
red corpuscular
framework,
dem-
JO
protoplasm
need
not
necessarily
be
a
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 11, 2017. For personal use only.
JOHN
\V.
REBUCK
AND
FIGS.
Chambers
and
light
on structural
source
of ice crystal
Hale,35
on the
elements
artefacts.
other
within
They
II
HELEN
AND
hand,
L.
183
WOODS
12.
employed
the cell instead
demonstrated
internal
freezing
of looking
upon
that the advance
to throw
as a possible
of ice columns
it
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 11, 2017. For personal use only.
184
MICROSCOPE
ELECTRON
STUDIES
OF
BLOOD
CELLS
.:.t
I
1’#{149}’
iv.
...t
,
,...
Al
2?’
.‘.,
FIGS.
13
TO
15
.J
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 11, 2017. For personal use only.
JOHN
W.
REBUC
AND
FIGS.
within
the
present
in advance
steady
and
protoplasm
uniform
of
of
the
advance
frog
muscle
crystal.
of
I6
HELEN
AND
cells
‘Hence
the
longitudinal
L.
WOODS
17
occurred
it
is
by
reasonable
ice
columns
congealing
to
of the
suppose
during
water
‘that
the
internal
the
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 11, 2017. For personal use only.
i86
freezing
ELECTRON
of a muscle
fibre
To
constituents.”
them,
6
16
MICROSCOPE
is along
the
STUDIES
uninterrupted
random
OF
BLOOD
fluid
spreading
of fine
CELLS
interstices
feathery
between
more
crystals
within
solid
‘
#{149}!
0:
FIGS.
protoplasm
Because
of amoebae
of temperature
indicated
differences
a lack
between
i8
TO
2.0
of a complicated
the
interior
framework
of the
cell
and
structure.
its environ-
the
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 11, 2017. For personal use only.
JOHN
W.
REBUCK
AND
HELEN
L.
187
WOODS
21
4,,
Fios.
2.1
TO
2.3
1.
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 11, 2017. For personal use only.
I
88
ELECTRON
ment,
they
MICROSCOPE
the
assumed
existence
STUDIES
of
‘
‘still
OF
finer
BLOOD
CELLS
capillary
spaces
within
the
The
finding
of free fibrillae
at the cytoplasmic
surface
of our macrophages
to the criticism
of their view that to attain
internal
freezing,
the plasma
breaks
down.
Fig.
of
is a micrograph
(X54oo)
12.
two
others.
optical
Neutrophil
microscope,
structures.
when
At
of one
granules,
X47,ooo
seen
and
14)
the
from
plasm
are
bone
marrow.
characteristic
philic
myelocyte
of its cytoplasm.
Fig. 19 (X 8oo)
features.
and
from
represents
one
leukocyte.
can
be best
x 830
780
of the
stage.
impossible
to state
whether
cytoplasm
is more
abundant
is exceedingly
mental
The
thin,
forms
were
and
three
to
i
indented
is
17
a
up
and
(X
micrograph
to as much
dehydrated
and
merely
air-dried.
metamyelocyte
nucleus
granules
the
at the
cytoplasm
represent
or
granular
of
5400)
Specific
nucleoli
are
marrow
in
nearly
cytoa neutro-
or possibly
well-defined,
azurophil
or
finer
evidence.
the
and
it
is
The
granulation.
The
than
stages.
are
Eosinophil
granFig. 2.0 (X8oo)
promyelocyte
less
and
spheres
nucleus.
in size.
are
the preceding
pattern
is much
than
chromatin
are
overlie
the
millimicrons
precursors
bone
which
was
of a neutrophilic
5800)
as they
x 1150
in
or four
the
i)
by 85 millimicrons
are from
the same
frozen
eosinophil
1050
they
from
(fig.
a portion
with
the
oval, or rod-shaped
neutrophil
granules
round,
70
deeply
out
granules
the
obtained
The
granulocyte
leukoblast
are
and
heretofore
nucleus
and the less abundant
granular
content
is a portion
of another
neutrophilic
myclocyte.
of the nucleus
(to the left center)
and cell body
made
up
13)
a preparation
Fig.
leukocyte
indistinctly
(fig.
from
(x
Its
with
its round
Fig. i8 (X54oo)
depicts
a portion
of an eosinophilic
quite
clear
ules range
only
X7L,ooo
They
measure
Figs.
13 and
preparation.
Fig. 14 was taken
from
Fig. i6 is an electron
micrograph
juvenile
neutrophilic
seen
X i8,ooo
at
(fig.
are clearly
demarcated.
as 465 by 6o millimicrons.
cytes
cell.”
is open
membrane
nuclear
membrane
the older
develop-
All the developing
granulo-
preparations.
Fig. ii (X 5400)
is a micrograph
of a group
of three
normal,
small and mediumsized
lymphocytes
from
a lymph
node.
This
preparation
was not frozen
or dehydrated,
it was merely
air-dried.
All other
preparations
with
the exception
of
Fig. 14 were quick-frozen
and dehydrated.
The coarse
chromatin
pattern
and scant
cytoplasm
are well
mature
lymphocyte.
shown.
Fig. 2.2. (X
The fine chromatin
contrast
in fig.
to the
cells
The
LI.
5400)
pattern
immature
the spleen
of a patient
with
lymphatic
kemic
lymphocyte
in amitosis,
from
is a micrograph
and distinct
lymphocyte
of an extremely
imnucleoli
are in sharp
of fig.
leukemia.
Fig.
a lymph
node.
2.3
(x
2.2.
5400)
was
taken
from
depicts
a leu-
DISCUSSION
Newer
concepts
to find
concerning
their
application
interpreted
the
cently
Wysslings’37
structural
protoplasmic
structure
with
structures
their
associated
are
water,
to the
the finer
structure
study
of the white
amoeboid
schemata
comprise
intermolecular
salts,
mobile
movement
for
of
protoplasm.
molecular
of
protoplasm
blood
leukocytes
The
configuration
forces.
protein,
Between
and
lipid,
are
just
beginning
cells.
Dc Bruyn36
has rein the light
of Freymodern
concepts37’39
of
of
such
as well
polypeptide
chains
molecular
protein
as submicroscopic
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 11, 2017. For personal use only.
JOHN
particulates
which
W.
serve
REBUCK
in the
AND
mediation
at certain
protoplasm
points
by chemical
bonds.
as being
due to increased
and more
dimensional
points
by chemical
bonds,
reticulum,”
or in keeping
of the polypeptide
but not all, bonds
of many,
whereas
cytoplasmic
the structural
Wolpers’22
corpuscle
depicts
platelet
of
hyalomere
Ruska’s2#{176} micrographs
orientation
the
framework
of such
of the
proteins
and
cites
locking
the meshes
of this threefindings,
as due to actual
of more
as evidence
the
that
of macrophages
pseudopodial
complex
and
is likewise
activity.
fibrillar
nucleus.
mesh-work
These
structural
findings
concepts
units
of
cules
when
Our
of
protoplasm
We
more
would
motile
fact
that
rabbit
the
apparently
situation
reticulum.
red blood
may
be composed
expect
leukocytes
macrophages
marked
(figs.
with
are
structural
in keeping
definite
at least
and
be oriented
requires
with
chains
of
and
less
definite
and
definite
Menkin4#{176}has commented
on the
to deformation
than polymorphoiiuclear
micrographs
protoplasm
can
the loosening
mesh-work,
side
this
at water-oil
interfaces
which
severely
damage
polymorphonuclear
The macrophage
stage
of the various
hematogenous
and
sources
struc-
fibrils.
The fibrillar
structures
as an examination
of Wolpers
reveals.
of the
orientation
in the depolarized
derivatives.
that macrophages
are much more resistant
leukocytes
The
as well as lipids.
in their being
joined
would
involve
of the structural
suggesting
protein
bound
structures
structural
‘ ‘
then,
loosening
mean
narrow
so closely
not
processes.
the formation
of a three-dimensional
7) of the structure
of the nonmotile
and
are
chemical
and nucleoproteins
result
in part
thus narrowing
with
Astbury’s’9
would
knit
long
189
WOODS
Dc Bruyn’6
envisions
contraction
of leukocytic
binding
of such molecular
structures
at more
approaching
(his fig.
tightly
a
of a mesh-work
fibrous
proteins
chains.
Solation,
with a resultant
gelation
proteins
micrograph
L.
of special
tural units
themselves
include
at least
The intermolecular
forces
of structural
folding
HELEN
at
such
are
suggestive
to
a i)
of
stresses
leukocyces.
histogenous
cellular
by a tendency
4 to
times
resist
fact
to sluggish
macrophages
reveal
a
orientation
of both cytoplasm
with
modern
functional
and
that
form
some
of the
a framework
of
structural
linear
mole-
reorientation.
SUMMARY
Several
to the
technics
study
leukocytes
of
formvar-covered
grated
to the
hydrated
acute
cells.
for
First;
the
application
lesions
an
according
glass
cover
in
extra
step
to a modified
slips
was
of the
lymphocytes,
inflammatory
in vacuo,
case
employed
blood
screens
in the corium
of the
undersurfaces
of the specimen
formvar-covered
which
were
of the
were
man
were
forearm.
screens
to
neutrophilic
by
prepared
technic.
the
for
transfer
microscope
and
imb#{233}dding
Exudative
cells
were
quick-frozen
Altmann-Gersh
substituted
needed
electron
macrophages,
the
screens
which
and
In
in
some
the
preparations
midecases
lesions,
to
in
specimen
screens.
In a further
technic,
imprinted
upon
were
also
a
and
frozen
direct
method
Neutrophil
blood
cells
slides
glass
dehydrated
in
which
granules,
in
the
seen
vacuo.
of lymph
cells
only
nodes,
covered
The
were
as
with
films
retained
irregular,
spleen
formvar.
were then
and
bone
marrow
of man
These
preparations
were
transferred
to screens
by
intact.
indistinct
granules
with
the
optical
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 11, 2017. For personal use only.
190
ELECTRON
microscope,
are
by 8 millimicrons
of
cell
precursors
were
distinct
chromatin-parachromatin
the higher
magnifications
cytostructural
wall
found
BLOOD
CELLS
structural
protoplasm
interstices
to possess
in the
appeared
fibrillar
and
cytoplasmic
nuclear
protoplasmic
plasmic
nuclear
OF
units
measuring
fine
distinction
and
possible
by electron
made
organization
Individual
phages.
STUDIES
actually
round,
oval,
or rod-shaped
structures
up to as much
as 465 by 6o millimicrons.
blood
Immature
with
At
MICROSCOPE
chromatin
out
of the
phagocytic
of the
structure
of
cells
the
nuclear
which
can
be measured
in Angstrom
units.
so formed
are smaller
than the corresponding
vacuole
blood
or macro-
both
in
areas.
The nuclear
membrane
is actually
an anchoring
and cytoplasmic
fibrillar
cross-pieces.
Phagocytosis
features
nucleoli.
a new level
phagocytes
be made
is described.
are discussed
Finally,
the
light
of newer
in the
structure
is depicted
observed
70
patterns
well-demarcated
microscopy,
mononuclear
can
from
The
cyto-
for both
and the
cyto-structural
concepts
of the
finer
protoplasm.
REFERENCES
J. W.,
REBUCK,
and
Sco’rr,
H.,
G.
scope.
AND
AND
AND
The
AND
j.
F. 0.,
F.
Structural
F.
ScHMI’rr,
the
0.:
E.,JAKUS,
of electron
BUCHHOLZ,J.
Med.
AND
tool
in animal
for
magnesium
and
the
and
magnesium
connective
84:
tissue
by
localization
calcium
the
electron
micro-
of minerals
in
in smooth
tissue
M.
A.:
20.’
11-33,
with
M.
JAICUS,
by
N.
and
AND
Electron
F. 0.:
474-475,
L.
in bio-
striated
muscle.
Anat.
muscle.
Proc.
Soc.
Exper.
the
electron
microscope.
Anat.
Rec.
microscope
Electron
A.:
microscope
The
studies
Ultrastructure
Lancaster,
Tissue.
investigations
of the
structure
1942..
of the
structure
of Para-
Fibrils,
in Fron-
1942..
Hocrr.
of Protoplasmic
Pa.:
Advances
Cattell
of Protein
F. 0.: Electron
SCHMITT,
Soc. 66.’ 313-314,
Press,
pp.2.61-2.76.
1943,
Chemistry.
vol.
1944,
microscope
observation
organisation.
The
pp.2.5-68.
,,
of
clam
muscle
1944.
and
AND
stains.J.
JR.,
the
problem
of
cellular
Harvey
Lectures.
o:
F. 0.:
SCHMITT,
App.
The
structure
of certain
muscle
fibrils
as revealed
by
i6.’459-465,
Phys.
ANDERSON,
T. F.,
illustrated
with
AND
R. T.: A microtome
HANCE,
sections
of
striated
muscle.
sectioning
Proc.
Soc.
technique
Exper.
Biol.
for
& Med.
1942..
M. R.,
BARNES,
T.:
A.,
AND
81.51-62.,
95.’ 2.50,
Chromosome
FULLAM,
499-504,
E.
AND
E.
BAYLOR,
R.:
A study
the
electron
of lamp
brush
chromosomes
by
the
electron
1942..
structure
F.: An
under
electron
microscope.
microscope
study
Science
of
isolated
io;.’
607-610,
mitochondria.
1947.
J.
Exper.
1945.
The
-:
8:
JAKUS,
Cells
of
C. E.,
Science
AND
,
C. E.,
microscopy
Mcd.
of
SCHMITi’,
Rec.
M. A.,
A. G.,
microscope.
CLAUDE,
AND
Ultrastructure
C.
G. L.,
17
of
calcium
Physiol.
Anat.
Chem.
148-152.,
1$
organs
194445.
electron
51.’
of
AND
Comp.
edited
HALL,
use
RICHARDS,
19CLARK,
analytical
study
A study
C. E.,
Proteins
M. A.,
HALL,
F.:
and
HALL,
0.,
2.49-2.68,
13
Cell,
HALL,
fibrils.J. Am.
12
hematopoietic
1939.
study
C. E.,
HALL,
in Cytochemistry,
JAKUS,
in the
1941.
trichocysts.
Scnswrr,
iO.__.._:
as an
17-30,
microscope
3031
T.
J.
M. A.,
mecium
tiers
electron
ANDERSON,
collagen.
$JAKUS,
localization
cells
1947.
1942..
SCHMITt,
of
7g.’
microscope
& Med.
445,
f2:
The
of blood
6.’398,
of minerals
Proc.
1939.
An electron
$ ,
studies
Federation
microscoFe
Rec.
An
-:
Biol.
microscope
man.
M.:
electron
Anat.
74. 3 1-46,
‘-:
D.
PACKER,
tissue.
Rec.
of
89: 2.2.7-2.2.8, 1938.
-:
logical
Electron
exudates
Science
,
H.:
WOODS,
AND
inflammatory
preparation
1946.
of sections
of guinea
pig
liver
for
the
electron
microscope.
3. Exper.
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 11, 2017. For personal use only.
JOHN
K. R.,
19 PORTER,
J.
C.,
20 WOLPERS,
23 BARNES,
study
of organic
W.
24JONES,
J.
H.:
C.:
25 KOLOUCH,
R.
28 WYCKOFF,
24.’
Struktur
der
AND
191
culture
zur
Liquorfibrins.
R.
SCOTT,
i6’
proceedings
113119,
G.:
des
Phys.
cells
by
electron
microscopy.
Blutgerinnung.
Klin.
Wchnschr.
18:
Klin.
of
G.:
Electron
730-739,
19.’
Wchnschl.
Naturwiss.
1940.
416-420,
29.’
microscopical
1941.
replica
techniques
for
the
1945.
conference
on
the
electron
microscope.
1946.
Oxford,
1947.
The lymphocyte
W.
WOODS
of tissue
Erythrocytenmembran.
Appl.
Summarized
Instru.
F.,JR.:
A study
L.
Struktureauntersuchungen
Zur
surfaces.J.
M.:
Scient.
F.:
HELEN
1939.
WOLPERS,
AND
AND
E.
FULLAM,
C.: Zur Feinsrruktur
R. B., BURTON,
C. J.,
22 WOLPERS,
REBUCK
1945.
RUSKA,
1111-1117,
H.,
AND
Si.’ 2.33-2.46,
AND
1077-1081,
21 RUSKA,
A.,
CLAUDE,
Med.
Exper.
W.
in acute
Frozen-dried
inflammation.
preparations
Am.J.
for
Path.
the
electron
Beziehungen
zu
15’
413-433,
1939.
microscope.
Science
36-37,
104.
1946.
R.:
27 ALTMANN,
Die
Elementarorganismen
und
ihre
den
Zellen.
Leipzig:
Veit
Co.,
and
1890.
I.: The
28 GERSH,
Altmann
technique
for
by
fixation
drying
while
freezing.
Anat.
Rcc.
53
309-337,
1932..
29 STASNEY,J.,
W.:
The
660-699,
31 SUNDRERO,
R.
32.
H.:
DOWNEY,
AND
J.
30 REBUCK,
structure
Subacute
of
the
lymphatic
giant
cells
in
human
leukemia.
in
the
Am.J.
Path.
blood-forming
11312.6,
11.’
1935.
3. Lab.
organs.
& Clin.
Med.
1947.
D.:
Lymphocytogenesis
lymph
nodes.
3. Lab.
&
Clin. Med.
lymph
node
32
777-792.,
‘947.
32 SwEITZER,
S. E.,
Derm.
& Syph.
W. L.:
SIMPSON,
S. S.:
Kis’runt,
An
The
R.,
35CHAMBERS,
analysis
measurement
of
bound”
Hodgkin’s
disease
and
imprints.
Arch.
of the
The
formation
Altmann
technic
of freezing-drying.
Anat.
Rec.
8o:
freezing
method.
J.
of ice in protoplasm.
Proc.
Roy.
water
by
the
Am.
Chem.
Soc. ;8.’
95.’
A.:
Borntraeger,
I 98.
Hoerr.
ASTRURY,
Biochem.
R.
R,:
T.:
The
amocboid
movement
Submikroskopische
Chemical
Lancaster,
W.
P.:
Soc.
Lond.
Ser.
B.
of
the
mammalian
leukocyte
in
tissue
culture.
Anat.
1946.
177-192.,
FREY-WYSSLING,
BENSLEY,
H.
1932..
P. P. H.:
BRUYN,
40 MmcxiN,
Ulcerative
i.
experimental
HALE,
AND
336-352.,
Rec.
38
2.2.9-2.36,
1936.
901-907,
DR
WINER,
51.
1941.
173-190,
iio:
L. H.:
AND
Structures
Pa.:
Cattell
studies
X-ray
8: 113-132.,
V.: Dynamics
morphologic
of Cytoplasm,
Press,
des
in
Protoplasmas
Frontiers
und
in
Cytochemistry,
of the structures
Inflammation.
Derivate.
edited
Berlin:
by
N.
L.
I3.
of compounds
of
biological
1939.
of
seiner
New
York,
Macmillan
Co.,
1940.
interest.
Ann.
Rev.
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 11, 2017. For personal use only.
1948 3: 175-191
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES OF BLOOD CELLS
JOHN W. REBUCK and HELEN L. WOODS
Updated information and services can be found at:
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/3/2/175.full.html
Articles on similar topics can be found in the following Blood collections
Information about reproducing this article in parts or in its entirety may be found online at:
http://www.bloodjournal.org/site/misc/rights.xhtml#repub_requests
Information about ordering reprints may be found online at:
http://www.bloodjournal.org/site/misc/rights.xhtml#reprints
Information about subscriptions and ASH membership may be found online at:
http://www.bloodjournal.org/site/subscriptions/index.xhtml
Blood (print ISSN 0006-4971, online ISSN 1528-0020), is published weekly by the American Society of
Hematology, 2021 L St, NW, Suite 900, Washington DC 20036.
Copyright 2011 by The American Society of Hematology; all rights reserved.