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Chapter 9 Notes
Lesson 1- Chemistry of life
*Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space/ Energy is anything that
brings about change. Whether it is solid, liquid or gas matter is made of atoms.
* At the center of an atom is nucleus that contains protons and neutrons. The
protons have a positive charge and the neutron have no charge. Outside the
nucleus are the electors, each of which has a negative charge. Electrons are
important because they are the part of the atom that is involved in chemical
reactions.
* Elements: when something is made up of only one kind of atom, it is called an
element. An element can’t be broken down in a simpler form by chemical
reaction. Everything is made up of elements. Most things, including all living
things are me up of combination of elements.
* The 6 very important elements are: S, P, O, N, C and H.
* Compound are made up of 2 or more elements in exact proportions. The
smallest part of a molecular compound is a molecule. A molecule is a group of
atoms held together by the energy of chemical bonds.
* Ions also combine because they have become positively or negatively charged.
Atoms are usually neutral they have no overall electric charge.
* Ionic Compounds: ions of opposite charges attract one another to form
electrically neutral compounds. Table salt is made of sodium (Na) and chlorine
(Cl). When they combine, a chlorine atom gains an electron from sodium atom.
These oppositely charged ions attract each other and form the ionic compound
sodium chloride, NaCl.
*Mixture is a combination of substances in which individual substances retain
their own properties. Mixtures can be solid, liquids or gases, or any combination
of them. Most chemical reactions in living organisms take place in mixtures called
solutions. Living things also contain mixtures called suspensions. A suspension is
formed when a liquid or gas has another substance evenly spread throughout it.
* Organic Compounds: always contain carbon and hydrogen and usually are
associated with living things.
* Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
-Carbohydrates- are organic molecules that supply energy for cell processes. Ex
sugars and starch
- lipids- do not mix with water; release even larger amounts of energy than cabrs
do. Ex fats and oils
- Proteins- they are made up of smaller molecules called amino acids; are building
blocks of many structure in organisms; muscles contain large amounts of protein;
certain proteins called enzymes regulate nearly all chemical reactions in cells.
- nucleic acids-large organic molecules that store important coded information in
cells are called nucleic acid. DNA deoxyribonucleic acid is the genetic material
found in all cells. RNA is needed to make enzymes and other proteins.
* Inorganic compounds: are made from elements are than carbon. Generally
contain fewer atoms than organic molecules. One of the most important
inorganic compounds for living things is water. Also, calcium phosphate,
hydrochloric acid, sodium bicarbonate, salts containing sodium, chlorine and
potassium.
* Living things are composed of more than 50 percent water and depend on
water to survive. Although seeds and spores of plants, fungi and bacteria can exist
without water, they must have water if they are to grow and reproduce. All the
chemical reactions in living things take place in water solutions, and most
organisms use water to transport materials through their bodies.
* Characteristics of water- water molecules are like magnets. The negative part of
a water molecule is attracted to the positive part of another water molecule.
When thermal energy is added to any substance, its molecules begin to move
faster.
* The water in cell helps keep its temperature constant, which allows lifesustaining chemical reactions to take place.
Lesson 2- Moving Cellular Materials
 Cells take in food, oxygen and other substances from their environments.
They also release waste materials into their environment. A cell has a
membrane around it that works for a cell like a window screen does for a
room. A cell’s membrane is selectively permeable. It allows things to enter
the cell.
 The movement of substances through the cell membrane without the input
of energy is called passive transport.
 3 types of passive transport can occur.
 Diffusion- the random movement of molecules from an area where there is
relatively more of them into an area where there is relatively fewer of
them. Molecules will continue to move until it reaches an equilibrium.
 Osmosis- the diffusion of water through a cell membrane is called osmosis.
Losing water from a plant cell causes its cell membrane to come away from
its cell wall. This reduces pressure against its cell wall and a plant cell
becomes limp.
 Osmosis also takes place in animal cells. They will burst if too much water
enters the cell.
 The carrot stick becomes limp when more water leaves each of its cells
than enters them.
 Facilitated diffusion- some substances such as sugar molecules are so large
that they can enter the cell only with the help of molecules in the cell
membrane called transport proteins. This process, a type of passive
transport is known as facilitated diffusion.
 Active transport: when an input of energy is required to move materials
through a cell membrane. Active transport involves transport proteins. In
active transport, a transport protein binds with the needed particle and
cellular energy is used to move it through the cell membrane.
 Some molecules are too large to move by diffusion or use the cell
membranes transport proteins. Large molecule sand bacteria can enter a
cell when they are surrounded by the cell membrane. The cell membrane
folds in on itself, enclosing the item in a sphere called vesicle. This process
of taking substances into a cell by surrounding it with the cell membrane is
called endocytosis. The content of vesicle can be released by a cell using
the process called exocytosis.
Lesson 3- Energy for Life
 Where does our energy come from? From the food we eat!
 The chemical energy stored in food molecules is changed inside of cells into
forms needed to perform all the activities necessary for life. In every cell,
these changes involve chemical reaction. All of the activities of an organism
involve chemical reactions in some way. The total of all chemical reactions
in an organism is called metabolism.
 The chemical reactions of metabolism need enzymes. Each chemical
reaction in a cell requires a specific enzyme.
 Living things are divided into 2 groups- producers and consumers.
Organisms that make their own food are called producers; organisms that
cannot make their own food are called consumers. Plants and many other
producers can convert light energy into another kind of energy- chemical
reaction is called photosynthesis.
 Enzymes are needed before photosynthesis occurs- chloroplast contains
chlorophyll that captures light energy to make food- sugar (carbohydrate)
 Plants make more sugar during photosynthesis than they need for survival.
Excess sugar is changed and stored as starches or used to make other
carbohydrates.
 No matter what you eat photosynthesis was involved directly or indirectly
in it production.
 Cellular respiration- your muscle cells use energy; to get this energy muscle
cells break down food. Chemical reaction occur that break down food
molecules into simpler substances and release their stored energy.
Enzymes are also need for cellular respiration.
 Cellular respiration of carbohydrates begins in the cytoplasm of the cellcarbs are broken down into glucose molecules- energy is released.
 The breakdown occurs in the mitochondria of the cells- this process used
oxygen and releases much more energy and produces CO2 wan water as
wastes.
 Fermentation- when cell do not have enough oxygen for cellular respiration
they use a process called fermentation to release some of the energy
stored in glucose molecules.
 Fermentation being in the cytoplasm but the breakdown does not occur in
the mitochondria- more chemical reaction occur in the cytoplasm.
 Some microscopic organisms such as bacteria carry out fermentation and
make lactic acid. Some of these organisms are used to produce yogurt and
some cheese.
 How are photosynthesis, cellular respiration and fermentation related?