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Chapter 14.3 & 15
Biotechnology
14.3 & 15 Vocabulary
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Restriction Enzyme – page 403
Gel Electrophoresis – glossary
Biotechnology – page 419
Recombinant DNA – glossary
Plasmid – glossary
DNA fingerprinting – glossary
Genetic Engineering – deliberate modification of the
characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic
material
14.3 & 15
Biotechnology
Standards: 4B.2
Objectives:
• Explain how biotechnology is used in medicine,
agriculture, and forensic science.
Genome
• Genome – organism’s complete set of DNA
• Human Genome Project – sequencing 3 billion
base pairs of human DNA & identifying genes
Biotechnology
Biotechnology
LIFE
Application of Science
• Using biological processes, organisms, cells or
cell components to develop new technology.
• Biotechnologists develop technology  useful
in research, agriculture, industry, and medicine.
Tolerate Herbicides
Genetic Engineering
• Deliberate modification of the characteristics of
an organism by manipulating its genetic material.
– Goal  introduce new traits to organism
– All organisms share same genetic code
– Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
Human Insulin produced
GM bacteria
Techniques Used to Manipulate DNA
1.
2.
3.
4.
Restriction Enzymes
Gel Electrophoresis
DNA Fingerprinting
Bacterial Plasmids
Restriction Enzymes
• DNA is a long molecule  cut into smaller
pieces to study it easier.
• Restriction Enzymes – cut DNA at a specific
nucleotide sequence
Gel Electrophoresis
• Separates segments of DNA based on length.
• Electric current applied to gelatin in tray  one
end of gel is positive and other is negative
• Cut up DNA is added to negative end and DNA
(which is negative) moves to positive end
• Smaller DNA pieces move faster than larger ones
• Dye is used and appear as bands or lines.
DNA Fingerprinting
• Each person has unique genome (DNA sequence)
– EXCEPT identical twins  same genome
• Gel electrophoresis  produce specific pattern of
bands  creates DNA fingerprint.
• Provides forensic evidence & family relationships.
DNA Fingerprinting
Bacterial Plasmids
• Bacterial Plasmids –DNA ring in bacteria’s cytoplasm
• Recombinant DNA – DNA containing genes from
more than one organism
• Bacterial plasmids used to create recombinant DNA
 restriction enzyme cuts gene from foreign DNA &
cuts bacterial plasmid  foreign DNA inserted into
plasmid DNA  forms RECOMBINANT DNA
Bacterial Plasmids Creates
Recombinant DNA
Cloning
Nucleus of egg
removed
Foster
mother
Egg
donor
Cell donor
Fused cell
Donor nucleus
Embryo
Cloned
lamb