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Introduction to A & P
Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 1
1
Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy – study of ____________
(Greek – “a cutting up”)
• Physiology – study of ____________
(Greek – “relationship to nature”)
“Structure dictates ______________.”
2
Levels of Organization
•____________________– electrons, protons, and neutrons
• ______________ – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
• __________ – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
• ________________ – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.
• ___________ – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
• _________ – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
• _____________ – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve
• __________ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.
• ______________ – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.
• ____________ – the human
3
Levels of Organization
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Subatomic particles
Atom
Organ system
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organ
Organelle
Organism
Cell
Tissue
Organ Systems
Can you name the organ systems? Hint..11
5
Characteristics of Life (10)
•_____________ – change in position; motion
• _____________ – reaction to a change
• __________ – increase in body size; no change in shape
• ___________ – production of new organisms and new cells
• ______________ – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon
dioxide; releasing energy from foods
6
Characteristics of Life (Cont.)
• ___________ – breakdown of food substances into simpler
forms
• _______________ – passage of substances through membranes
and into body fluids
• ______________ – movement of substances in body fluids
• ________________ – changing of absorbed substances
into chemically different forms
• _________________ – removal of wastes produced by
metabolic reactions
7
Maintenance of Life
• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
•
•
•
•
•
8
Requirements of Organisms
• Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for _____________________
- required for transport of substances
- regulates ________________________
• Food
- provides necessary _____________
- supplies energy
- supplies __________________
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Requirements of Organisms
• Oxygen (gas)
- _____________ of air
- used to ______________from nutrients
• Heat
- form of _____________
- partly controls ____________________________
• Pressure
- application of ________________________
- ______________ pressure – important for breathing
- ______________ pressure – keeps blood flowing 10
Homeostasis*
* Maintaining of a stable _______________________
• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the
_____________________and corrects as needed. Variations are
within limits. All homeostatic mechanisms have three components
in common:
• ______________ - provides information about the stimuli;
senses change in environment
• ______________- tells what a particular value should be
(called the set point); regulates set-point of variables
• ______________- organ that acts in response to changes;
elicits responses that change conditions in the internal
environment
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Control center
(set point)
Receptors
Stimulus
(Change occurs
in internal
environment.)
(Change is compared
to the set point.)
Effectors
(muscles or glands)
Response
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(Change is corrected.)
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• There are two (2) types:
• _____________ feedback mechanisms
• _____________feedback mechanisms
The ________________________________control
homeostasis in the body
13
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Negative feedback summary:
• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
• ____________the actions of the effectors
• Corrects the _______________
• Causes __________________________to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’
• Limits chaos in the body by creating _________________
• Most _______________ type of feedback loop
• Examples: _____________________________________________
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Positive feedback summary:
• Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body
• Produces more _______________ in the body
• Produces more chaos in the body
• There are only a few types necessary for our survival
• Positive feedback mechanisms are _________________
• Controls only ___________________that do not require
__________________________________
• Considered to be the ______________________ loop
• Examples: _____________________________________
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Organization
of the Human Body
AXIAL PORTION
APPENCICULAR PORTION
MAJOR CAVITIES
CRANIAL CAVITY
THORACIC CAVITY
VERTEBRAL CANAL
* Note that the diaphragm muscle separates the thoracic from abdominopelvic cavities.
ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
ABDOMINAL CAVITY
PELVIC CAVITY
*
Note that the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ureters are behind the abdominopelvic cavity. 16
This is referred to as RETROPERITONEAL.
Organization
of the Human Body
• Body cavities
Cranial cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Vertebral canal
Thoracic cavity
Thoracic
cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
(b)
(a)
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Cavities of the
Head
Fig. 1.10
Cranial cavity
Paranasal sinuses:
Paranasal sinuses:
Thoracic & Abdominal
Serous Membranes
•
_______________= a soft, thin, pliable layer of tissue that either:
a.
covers a vital (visceral organ) = _________________ MEMBRANE.
b.
lines a body cavity = ___________________ MEMBRANE.
• There is a space between a visceral and parietal membrane into which SEROUS fluid is
secreted for ________________________.
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Thoracic & Abdominal
Serous Membranes
• There are specific names for the membranes around the heart, lungs, and
abdominal organs:
a. Serous Membranes of the LUNGS:
The membrane on the surface of the lung is called _______________.
The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs are located is
called ____________________.
The space between these two membranes is called the _____________,
and it is filled with serous fluid.
b. Serous Membranes of the HEART:
The membrane on the surface of the heart is called _______________
______________________
The membrane that lines the cavity in which the heart is located is
called _______________________.
The space between these two membranes is called the ______________
_______________, and it is filled with serous fluid.
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Thoracic & Abdominal
Serous Membranes
c.
Serous Membranes of the ABDOMINAL ORGANS:
The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach, etc. is called
_______________________________.
The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is called ___________
_______________________.
The space between these two membranes is called the _____________
________________, and it is filled with serous fluid.
21
Anatomical Terminology
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A language used to describe the
_____________________; needed
for communication.
Anatomical Position –
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Midline
Anatomical Terminology
Relative Positions
Superior = _________; Inferior = __________;
Anterior = _________; Posterior = _________;
Ventral = __________; Dorsal = ___________;
Medial = __________; Lateral = ___________;
Ipsilateral = ________; Contralateral = ________;
*Proximal/Distal – Only in the extremities.
Proximal = _____________; Distal = _____________;
Superficial / peripheral = __________; Deep = ____________.
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Body Sections or Planes (3)
• ___________ – divides body into left and right portions
• ____________ – divides body into equal left and right
portions
• ____________________– divides body into superior and
inferior portions
• ___________________ – divides body into anterior and
posterior portions
25
Body Sections
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Median
(midsagittal)
plane
Parasagittal
plane
Transverse
(horizontal)
plane
A section along the
median plane
A section along a transverse
plane
A section along a frontal
plane
Frontal
(coronal)
plane
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer
26
Abdominal Subdivisions (2)
• Regions ( )
(a)
• Quadrants ( )
(b)
27
Body Regions
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(a)
(b)
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