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Community Interactions!
Ms. Gilliland -- Fountain 6
Organisms struggle
with one another to
get common
resources they need
to survive.!
Competition within
a species is usually
more intense than
competition
between species.
y?
Wh
Competition
The needs (food, water, shelter
and space to grow) of the 2
organisms within a species AND
how they use those resources are
almost identical -- same niche.
3 species of warblers live
in same spruce tree and
eat the insects that live
in this tree. How do
these birds avoid
competing for food?
They feed (different types of
insects) in different areas of
the tree, therefore they don’t
niche
occupy the same __________
Why can’t 2 species
occupy the same
niche for a long
period of time?
They would compete directly with each other
because they share the same niche (eat the same
thing, hunt the same, use abiotic elements the
same way). One species would eventually die off
or move.
Adaptation to Competition
Divide the habitat.
(warblers)!
Kill off competitors.!
Some organisms
release chemicals
that discourage
growth (ex.
penicilium)
Symbiosis
Close relationship between
two species.!
One species lives
near, on, or even
inside the other
species.!
At least one species
benefits from the
relationship.
Three types of symbiosis ...
1. Mutualism
(Teammates)
Both species benefit.!
Sometimes they are so
dependent on each other
that they would not survive
apart.!
EXAMPLE: !
bee and flower!
clown fish & sea
anemones
2. Commensalism
One species benefits
and the other is
unharmed.!
Not common in
nature.!
EXAMPLES: !
egrets & cattle!
barnacle & whale
(Neighbors)
3. Parasitism
One species living
near, in or on another
and harming it.!
Host: the species
that is harmed.
Parasite!
(Thieves)
The species that
benefits.!
Obtains all, or
part, of its nutrient
needs from the
host.!
Usually smaller
than the host.
Usually doesn’t kill the
host, but may weaken
it.!
May be a parasite even
if it doesn’t feed on
their host.
Why do you think humans
would make excellent hosts
for parasites?
Humans are a very stable and reliable food source -- not likely to die because of predation or
competition for food. Humans are large, eat a lot — provide a source of a lot of food. We are
warm blooded — our body maintains a consistent temperature making it easier for parasites to
get food. Also, we don’t have thick fur, which makes us easier to latch on to.
Symbiosis Overview
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Species 1
Species 2
+
+
+
+
0
-
Predation
One animal captures & feeds on another
animal.!
Predator: species that kills and eats!
Prey: species that’s eaten
Effect on
population size
Population of predators & prey
rise & fall in related cycles.
There are always more prey
than predators. (Why?)
Predator cycle usually
follows after the prey cycle.
Effect on population size
Predators reduce the size
of the prey population,
therefore they help
maintain the diversity in
an ecosystem.
?
HOW
When predators are absent,
prey species can become too
numerous and crowd out
other organisms or use up
their food source.
How do predator and prey both
benefit from their relationship?
• Predators obtain food.'
• Prey population is kept at a level
that the ecosystem can support
(food, water, shelter and space to
grow) -- Carrying Capacity."
• Keeps the prey population
healthy -- eats the old, sick, hurt,
etc.
Predator Adaptations
Speed!
long legs!
muscles!
slender body!
Poisons!
Hunt at night!
big eyes!
sonar/
echolocation!
Hunt in packs
Speed!
Prey Adaptations
Coloring!
camouflage!
warning!
false!
Protective covering!
Mimicry-looking
like something else
(deadly)!
Live in large groups!
Chemical defense
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8oQBYw6xxc