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Transcript
Bacteria Chapter 7 Who discovered the world of bacteria by observing scrapings from his teeth using a simple microscope? Antonie van Leeuwenhoek One hundred years later, bacteria were proven to be ________ ___________ that carry on all of the processes of life. living cells Where do bacteria live? almost everywhere Identify the three shapes of bacteria and the name of each shape. Cocci – spherical Bacilli – rod Spirilla - spiral Describe the structure of a bacterial cell. Identify what a bacterial cell contains. Cytoplasm, surrounded by a cell membrane and cell wall Capsule – protects the bacterial cell and helps it stick to surfaces Chromosome – contains genetic material Ribosomes – make protein Flagellum – enables the bacterium to move Identify the two structures which allow a bacterium to stick to surfaces and also provide protection for the bacterial cell. Capsule Slime layer Many bacteria that live in moist conditions have a ______, or whip-like tail, to help them move. flagella By what process do most bacteria reproduce? Fission Some bacteria exchange genetic information through a process called ________________. Exchanging genetic material helps the bacteria acquire _______________ that make them better suited for survival in a particular environment. Conjugation variation Some bacteria make their own food and are called _______. Others do not make their own food and must feed off other organisms. These bacteria are called _____________. Producers Consumers Most organisms use oxygen when they break down food and obtain energy through a process called _____________ respiration Bacteria that use oxygen for respiration are called ________. Bacteria that are adapted to live without oxygen are called _________. Aerobes Anaerobes Identify the two kingdoms of bacteria. Contrast the two kingdoms. •Archaebacteria Live in extreme conditions Consists of halophiles, themaphiles, and methanogens Oldest kingdom •Eubacteria Found in many environments but not extreme Named based on shape, structure, how they obtain food Can cause disease One important group of producer eubacteria is the ______________. They contain the pigment ____________ and make their own food. Their common name is ____________. They live in lakes and ponds and can form ______________ on top of the water, which can be harmful to aquatic organisms. Cyanobacteria Chlorophyll Blue-green bacteria bloom What is one explanation of where the Red Sea gets its name? The Red Sea gets its name from the red cyanobacteria which form on top of the water. Explain how cyanobacteria can be beneficial to ponds and lakes. They are an important source of food for some aquatic organisms. Cyanobacteria, when too abundant, can form a ________ on top of the water. When cyanobacteria use all of the available resources in the water they _____. Other aerobic bacteria feed on the cyanobacteria and use the oxygen in the water. As a result of the reduced __________ and lack of ________, fish and other aquatic organisms die. Bloom Die Food source oxygen Many consumer eubacteria are grouped into one of two groups, Gram positive and Gram negative, based on the results of the Gram’s stain. Explain the difference in Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. •Gram positive: stains purple because they have thicker cell walls •Gram negative: stains pink because they thinner walls One group of eubacteria is unique because they do not produce ____ ______. This allows them to change their shape. An example of this type of bacteria is Mycoplasm pneumonia, a bacteria that causes _____________. Cell walls pneumonia Archaebacteria are bacteria that are often found in extreme conditions. Describe the following types of archaebacteria. •Halophiles: thrive in extremely salty environments •Thermaphiles: thrive in extremely hot environments •Methanogens: produce methane gas; live in swamps, marshes, and in the digestive tracts of cattle Are most bacteria helpful or harmful? The benefits of most bacteria far outweigh the harmful effects of a few. Bacteria in the digestive system helps you __________ food and also produces ___________, which is important for normal clotting of blood. Digest Vitamin K Some bacteria produce chemicals called __________ that limit the growth of some bacteria. __________ produces the antibiotic found in many nonprescription ________. Antibiotics Bacillus ointments Identify the bacteria which are great recyclers. Explain how they recycle. Saprophytes They use dead organisms as a food and energy source and then recycle the nutrients back into the environment for other organisms to use ____________ are often used in sewage treatment plants to break down wastes into carbon dioxide and water. saprophytes Explain how nitrogen–fixing bacteria benefit plants. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria change the nitrogen in the air into a form that plants and animals can use. Some plants have nodules on their roots in which they store nitrogen-fixing bacteria. What would happen to plants without nitrogen-fixing bacteria? Plants would have to be fertilized to get the proper amounts of usable nitrogen. Without it, the plants would die. What is bioremediation? Process that uses organisms to help clean up or remove environmental pollutants. Identify five foods that are made using bacteria. Industries use bacteria to make many products. Sometimes industries grow bacteria in large containers called _________. bioreactors Methane gas that is released as a waste by certain bacteria can be used for __________, _________, and ______________. Fuel for heating, Cooking, industry Define pathogen. Any organism that causes disease Identify two examples of illnesses caused by pathogens. Strep throat Whooping cough Tetanus Anthrax Some bacterial pathogens produce a poisonous substance called a __________. A type of food poisoning caused by a toxin-producing bacterium is ___________. Toxin botulism When growing conditions are unfavorable for their survival, some bacteria can produce endospores. What are endospores? Thick-walled structures used for protection in unfavorable conditions such as high temperatures. Unless it has been sterilized, all food contains bacteria. Identify a process of sterilization, and explain how it works. Pasteurization: Process of heating food to a temperature that kills most harmful bacteria without changing the taste of the food. __________ can be used to prevent some bacterial diseases. Vaccines Explain how a vaccine is made. A vaccine is made from damaged cell walls or killed bacteria. Once injected, white blood cells in the blood recognize that type of bacteria. Bacterial diseases in humans and animals are usually treated effectively with _____________. antibiotics Why is botulism associated with canned foods and not fresh foods? The bacteria which cause botulism are anaerobes, which grow in an oxygen-free environment such as than in canned foods. The End! Study for the test!