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Old French Lemma forms Lemma forms are always written in Cas Régime, except for personal pronouns where we use the Cas sujet form. Tokenisation We follow the tokenisation from Protocole d’étiquetage Ex: Le+quel ->lequel Por+quoi -> porquoi Morphology Articles Articles are either determiners (definite article) or quantifiers (indefinite article) Tot – can be either adverb, indefinite pronoun or quantifier. Adverbs: i/y and en are classified as adverbs. when plus is adverb in comparison, it is classified as a comparative adverb. Lemma:plus. Adjectives Most adjectives are positive. There are, however, some comparative and superlative forms of Latin origin. Should we take these as forms of the positive or should we have them as separate lemmas? Past participles of verbs are analysed as such, except when they are clearly not verbal. Personal pronouns French subject Reflexive atone 1st sg Jo, jou 2nd tu Je Indirect Object Object With preposition Possessives aton e atone mei, moi me mei, moi tei,toi te tei,toi te me atone mien mon tien ton sg 3rd sg il, ele 1st pl nos, nous nos, nous nos, nous nostres nostre 2nd pl vos, vous vos, vous vos, vous vostre 3rd pl il, eles els,eus,eles les lor lor Se, soi lui,li le, la lui,li li suen son Demonstrative determiners Ce/ço are non-inflecting Relative pronouns and interrogative pronouns Relative pronouns with antecedent are annotated as relatives. Determining whether a pronoun is relative or interrogative often relies on syntactic analysis (see: relative clauses) Nouns Nominalised forms of the infinitive are analysed as verb forms, unless they have acquired a “separate” nominal meaning, such as pooir –‘ power’ (not ‘to be able’) Nouns are classified according to their form,; cas regime formas are classified as such, even when they are subjects. Subjecthood will appear in the syntactic analysis. Quantifiers [sett inn liste] We analyse the following words as quantifiers (and not indefinite pronouns) even when used pronominally: tant Difficult words Tot can be quantifier, pronoun and adverb Toz seus we take toz as a quantifier because it agrees with the adjective seus even though it can also be argued to be an adverb, modifying an adjective. Ne can be adverb, subjunction or conjunction Ne….ne (neither nor) are conjunctions Des or en avant we keep this expression as separate words, and as two separate adverbials: des or and en avant Syntax Definite articles (determiners) are AUX, indefinite are ATR Definite articles may also be AUX to adverbs, such as au desoz Periphrastic conjunctions, subjunctions, prepositions and adverbs Some subjunctions, prepositions and adverbs are periphrastic in the sense that one is not necessarily the head of the other. We take the las word as the head and the others as AUX In the case of adverbs, we take the last adverb as head and the other(s) as ADV (ex: lá dedans, where dedans is head and lá is ADV under the head. Infinitives • modal verbs (voloir, pouvoir , aimer) The infinitive is XOBJ • faire-infinitive The infinitive is COMP • aspectual and temporal auxiliaries like comencer a + infinitive, aller+infinitive. The infinitive is XOBJ when the verbal periphrasis is seen as a semantic unit. • periphrases with an auxiliary that retains much of its original meaning+preposition+infinitive (of the type estão para fazer algo as opposed to estão aqui para fazer algo) Double negations The negation ne is AUX, and pas, mie etc are APOS to AUX Slashing Slashing to subjects: Slash to subject on the same level: Example: http://edd-app1.uio.no:4000/sentences/19992 Partitives We use partitive after nominals such as un pou de leu. The partitive article (delingsartikkel) such as Je mange du pain, we take pain as head of the OBJ, de and article as AUXes: PRED mange OBJ pain AUX d tu AUX u Predicatives When governed by the verb (typically with predicative verbs, meaning ‘to be’, ‘become’ with subject predicatives and ‘to call someone something’, ‘to make someone (into) something’ with object predicatives, the predicatives are XOBJ, whether they are object predicatives or subject predicatives. The slash determines whether it modifies the subject or the object. Otherwise, they are XADVs Example: il aprisma toz seus a lieu While we would normally understand toz seus as a predicative to the subject, we take it as an XADV because it is not governed by the verb. Verbal regency List of verbs that take IO: Dire qc à qq That take DO Secorrer qq Nominal regency Mestier de+NARG Hierarchies We follow the PROIEL Hierarchies for noun phrases without nouns: Adjectives, participles > nominalised prepositional phrases > demonstratives>indefinite pronouns>numerals> ralative clauses Relative clauses Relative clauses without antecedent are analysed according to their syntactic argument status, with the verb as head. (This is the only case that overrides COMP) PRED inviterer OBJ vil SUB jeg tu OBJ hvem (Jeg) inviterer hvem jeg vil Criterion for analysing a clause as an independent/free/unbound relative is that the verb cannot take a clause as its complement. Otherwise, the dependent clause is analysed as a COMP, and the pronoun will be an innterrogative in the morphologic annotation. The same is true for relative adverbs, see f.instance 20541 for an example of dont as a relative without antecedent. e qu'il n'encharcast chose ne n'enpreist dont il ne poïst chevir Coordination “que….que” (‘both….and’) Example que par lui que par ses menistres (19980) ADV que ADV par ADV par OBL lui OBL menistres AUX que tu Coordination of different functions: ATR ses APOS an ATR to pronouns such as ce, en , est ce que etc and to adverbs such as ensi (que) Typically, pronouns, such as ce, en, y are analysed as the complement of the verb, and realtive clauses are APOS to the pronouns.