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Old French
Lemma forms
Lemma forms are always written in Cas Régime, except for personal pronouns where we use the Cas
sujet form.
Tokenisation
We follow the tokenisation from Protocole d’étiquetage
Ex:
Le+quel ->lequel
Por+quoi -> porquoi
Morphology
Articles
Articles are either determiners (definite article) or quantifiers (indefinite article)
Tot – can be either adverb, indefinite pronoun or quantifier.
Adverbs:
i/y and en are classified as adverbs.
when plus is adverb in comparison, it is classified as a comparative adverb. Lemma:plus.
Adjectives
Most adjectives are positive. There are, however, some comparative and superlative forms of Latin
origin. Should we take these as forms of the positive or should we have them as separate lemmas?
Past participles of verbs are analysed as such, except when they are clearly not verbal.
Personal pronouns
French
subject
Reflexive
atone
1st
sg
Jo,
jou
2nd
tu
Je
Indirect
Object
Object
With
preposition
Possessives
aton
e
atone
mei, moi
me
mei,
moi
tei,toi
te
tei,toi te
me
atone
mien
mon
tien
ton
sg
3rd
sg
il, ele
1st
pl
nos, nous
nos, nous
nos, nous
nostres nostre
2nd
pl
vos, vous
vos, vous
vos, vous
vostre
3rd
pl
il, eles
els,eus,eles les
lor
lor
Se, soi
lui,li
le, la
lui,li
li
suen
son
Demonstrative determiners
Ce/ço are non-inflecting
Relative pronouns and interrogative pronouns
Relative pronouns with antecedent are annotated as relatives. Determining whether a pronoun is
relative or interrogative often relies on syntactic analysis (see: relative clauses)
Nouns
Nominalised forms of the infinitive are analysed as verb forms, unless they have acquired a
“separate” nominal meaning, such as pooir –‘ power’ (not ‘to be able’)
Nouns are classified according to their form,; cas regime formas are classified as such, even when
they are subjects. Subjecthood will appear in the syntactic analysis.
Quantifiers
[sett inn liste]
We analyse the following words as quantifiers (and not indefinite pronouns) even when used
pronominally:
tant
Difficult words
Tot can be quantifier, pronoun and adverb
Toz seus we take toz as a quantifier because it agrees with the adjective seus even though it
can also be argued to be an adverb, modifying an adjective.
Ne can be adverb, subjunction or conjunction
Ne….ne (neither nor) are conjunctions
Des or en avant we keep this expression as separate words, and as two separate adverbials: des or
and en avant
Syntax
Definite articles (determiners) are AUX, indefinite are ATR
Definite articles may also be AUX to adverbs, such as au desoz
Periphrastic conjunctions, subjunctions, prepositions and adverbs
Some subjunctions, prepositions and adverbs are periphrastic in the sense that one is not necessarily
the head of the other. We take the las word as the head and the others as AUX
In the case of adverbs, we take the last adverb as head and the other(s) as ADV (ex: lá dedans, where
dedans is head and lá is ADV under the head.
Infinitives
• modal verbs (voloir, pouvoir , aimer) The infinitive is XOBJ
•
faire-infinitive The infinitive is COMP
•
aspectual and temporal auxiliaries like comencer a + infinitive, aller+infinitive. The infinitive
is XOBJ when the verbal periphrasis is seen as a semantic unit.
•
periphrases with an auxiliary that retains much of its original meaning+preposition+infinitive
(of the type estão para fazer algo as opposed to estão aqui para fazer algo)
Double negations
The negation ne is AUX, and pas, mie etc are APOS to AUX
Slashing
Slashing to subjects: Slash to subject on the same level:
Example: http://edd-app1.uio.no:4000/sentences/19992
Partitives
We use partitive after nominals such as un pou de leu.
The partitive article (delingsartikkel) such as Je mange du pain, we take pain as head of the OBJ, de
and article as AUXes:
PRED
mange
OBJ
pain
AUX
d
tu
AUX
u
Predicatives
When governed by the verb (typically with predicative verbs, meaning ‘to be’, ‘become’ with subject
predicatives and ‘to call someone something’, ‘to make someone (into) something’ with object
predicatives, the predicatives are XOBJ, whether they are object predicatives or subject predicatives.
The slash determines whether it modifies the subject or the object.
Otherwise, they are XADVs
Example: il aprisma toz seus a lieu
While we would normally understand toz seus as a predicative to the subject, we take it as an XADV
because it is not governed by the verb.
Verbal regency
List of verbs that take IO:
Dire qc à qq
That take DO
Secorrer qq
Nominal regency
Mestier de+NARG
Hierarchies
We follow the PROIEL Hierarchies for noun phrases without nouns:
Adjectives, participles > nominalised prepositional phrases > demonstratives>indefinite
pronouns>numerals> ralative clauses
Relative clauses
Relative clauses without antecedent are analysed according to their syntactic argument status, with
the verb as head. (This is the only case that overrides COMP)
PRED
inviterer
OBJ
vil
SUB
jeg
tu
OBJ
hvem
(Jeg) inviterer hvem jeg vil
Criterion for analysing a clause as an independent/free/unbound relative is that the verb cannot take
a clause as its complement. Otherwise, the dependent clause is analysed as a COMP, and the
pronoun will be an innterrogative in the morphologic annotation. The same is true for relative
adverbs, see f.instance 20541 for an example of dont as a relative without antecedent.
e qu'il n'encharcast chose ne n'enpreist dont il ne poïst chevir
Coordination
“que….que” (‘both….and’)
Example que par lui que par ses menistres (19980)
ADV
que
ADV
par
ADV
par
OBL
lui
OBL
menistres
AUX
que
tu
Coordination of different functions:
ATR
ses
APOS an ATR to pronouns such as ce, en , est ce que etc and to adverbs such as ensi (que)
Typically, pronouns, such as ce, en, y are analysed as the complement of the verb, and realtive
clauses are APOS to the pronouns.