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Ecology—the study of the interaction between organisms and their environment I. Feeding relationships A.Autotrophs=producers Ex: plants, algae, some bacteria B.Heterotrophs=consumers Ex: animals, fungi, some protists and bacteria Types of Consumers: 1. Herbivore—only eat plants 2. Carnivore—(predator) kill and eat other animals 3. Omnivore—eat plants and animals 4. Scavenger—eat dead animals 5. Decomposer—(also called saprobe/ saprophyte)—break down and absorb nutrients from dead organisms 6. Detritivore—eat dead organic matter Ex: earthworms, millipedes II. Survival relationships A. Predation (Predator-prey)— Predator hunts and eats prey. B. Competition—occurs when 2 species fight for the same limited resources Predators Competition C. Symbiosis-2 species living together; at least one depends on the other Types of Symbiosis: 1. Mutualism—BOTH species benefit (mutually beneficial!) Ex: clownfish & sea anemone flower & bee cattle & white birds Clownfish/sea anemone video Mutualism 2. Commensalism—One species benefits and the other is NOT AFFECTED Ex: orchid & tree human & eyelash mites shark and remora Shark/remora video clip Commensalism 3. Parasitism—One species benefits and the other is HARMED. Ex: tick on a dog mistletoe in a tree mosquitoes on humans Parasites III. Matter and Energy relationships A. Food Web— expresses ALL possible feeding relationships in a community Food Web example B. Food chain— one path in a food web Food chain example Food Chain vs. Food Web 1. A food chain MUST start with a producer. 2. Arrows are used to show the direction of energy transfer. 3. A food chain does NOT typically have more than 5 levels. Why are food chains this short? • Only about 10% of the energy at each level is passed to the next level. C. Trophic level—represents a feeding step in a food web 1. First trophic level—producer 2. Second—herbivore/omnivore 3. Third—carnivore/omnivore 4. Fourth—carnivore/omnivore 5. Fifth—carnivore/ omnivore/decomposer D. Ecological or energy pyramids— describe energy conversion in an ecosystem 1. The SOURCE of energy for all pyramids is the SUN. 2. The BASE of the pyramid is PRODUCERS. 3. The TOP is the top CARNIVORE or omnivore. 4. Biomass—the total mass of all organisms at any one level in the pyramid 5. Biological Magnification— the concentration of toxic substances increases as it moves up the food chain *Concentration will be highest at the top of the food chain! Food Web Activity IV. The Organization of Life A. Organism—3 Things that affect organisms: 1. habitat—where it lives 2. niche—its way of life (or the role it plays in the ecosystem) 3. trophic level—feeding level Niche B. Population—all members of the same species that live in a certain area --Animal population is also called a breeding group. Populations A group of individuals of one species usually Aoccupying group of individuals of one species a defined usually occupying a defined area. area. C. Community—All populations in a certain area D. Ecosystem—the biotic and abiotic factors interacting in an area 1. biotic—living things 2. abiotic—nonliving things Ex: water, soil, temperature, precipitation Ecosystem E. Biome—A large area defined by the presence of certain plants and animals Biomes Permafrost Estuary • Place where freshwater, such as a river, meets the sea • Ex: bay, swamp, marsh, bayou (Don’t have to know this slide!) Types of Lakes Oligotrophic Eutrophic F. Biosphere— the area on Earth where life exists (the SURFACE) Biosphere V. Homeostasis in Communities A. Carrying capacity—the largest number of organisms from a species that can be supported by the environment Ex: There is only enough food for a certain number of deer. Why Hunting is Legal B. Limiting Factor—any living or nonliving thing that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms Ex: food available, temperature Why These Animals Live Only in Certain Places C. Tolerance—the ability to withstand fluctuations (changes) in environmental factors --There is a range of conditions (temp., amt. of food, etc.) in which organisms can survive. D. Succession—orderly, natural changes that take place in a community CrashCourse video--Start at 1:15.-5:29. *climax community—a stable, mature community that undergoes little to no succession 2 Types of Succession: 1. Primary—establishment & development of an ecosystem in an area that was previously UNINHABITED Lichens and algae on bare rock Succession of plant species on abandoned fields in North Carolina. Pioneer species consist of a variety of annual plants. This successional stage is then followed by communities of perennials and grasses, shrubs, softwood trees and shrubs, and finally hardwood trees and shrubs. This succession takes about 120 years to go from the pioneer stage to the climax community. From http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9i.html on 10-6-10 2. Secondary-REESTABLISHMENT of a damaged ecosystem in an area where the soil was left intact Secondary Succession—Illustration of (1) a climax forest (2) destroyed by wildfire and (3) and (4) its eventual recovery. Secondary succession occurs in an area where life once existed but has then been destroyed. (Reproduced by permission of The Gale Group) VI. Geochemical Cycles Water Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Crash Course video (1st half) Carbon Cycle Carbon Cycle Oxygen Cycle