Download Cardiovascular Health

Cardiovascular Health
Chapter 15
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
 Leading cause of death in the U.S.
 Affects nearly 81 million Americans
 Claims one life every 38 seconds
 The high rate of CVD is primarily
caused by lifestyle choices
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Major Risk Factors That Can Be Changed
 Tobacco Use
 Number-one preventable cause of CVD in
U.S.
 Smoking harms the CV System in many
ways:
Damages the lining of arteries
Reduces HDL’s
Raises triglycerides and LDL’s
Nicotine increases blood pressure & HR
CO displaces O2
Causes platelets to become sticky, leading to
clotting
 Speeds the development of fatty deposits in the
arteries
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Major Risk Factors That Can Be Changed
 Diabetes
 Death from CVD is 2 to 3 times more
likely in obese people than in lean
people.
 Higher rates of other CVD risk factors:
 Hypertension
 Obesity
 Unhealthy blood lipid levels
 Damaged endothelial cells
 More vulnerable to atherosclerosis
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Major Risk Factors That Can Be Changed
 Blood Pressure
 Normal adult: 120/80
 Hypertensive adult : 140/90
 Cholesterol Levels
 Total cholesterol (mg/dl): Less than 200 is desirable
 LDL: less than 100 is optimal
 HDL:60 or more is desirable
 Level of Physical Activity
 Physical activity lowers CVD risk by helping to
decrease blood pressure and resting heart rate, etc.
Major Risk Factors That Can’t Be Changed
 Heredity
 Multiple genes contribute to the development of CVD and
its risk factors
 Having a first-degree relative with CHD you have a two-fold
increased risk of developing it
 Aging
 70% of Heart Attack victims are over the age of 65
 Over the age of 55 incidence of stroke doubles each
decade
 Being male
 Men have higher risk of heart attack (& hypertension
until 55 yrs.) esp. earlier in life
 Ethnicity
 African Americans have higher risk of hypertension;
Hispanics have a greater risk of HBP and angina; Asians
have lower rates of CVD
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The Cardiovascular
System
Components of the Cardiovascular System
 Heart: central pump
 Blood vessels: convey blood through
the CV system
 Arteries - carry blood away
from heart
 Veins – carry blood towards heart
 Capillaries –connect arteries and veins;
where gas exchange occurs
 Blood: ~6-8 liters
The Cardiovascular System
 Each heartbeat has two phases:
 Systole = Contraction phase when blood is
being pumped to other locations
 Diastole =Relaxation phase when
chambers are filling w/ blood
 Reporting BP: Systolic / Diastolic Pressure
Anatomy of the Heart
Great Vessels of the Heart
 From left to right (front view of heart):
 Superior and Inferior vena cava
 Returns blood from body to heart
 Aorta
 Delivers blood to entire body from
heart
 Pulmonary trunk
 Delivers blood to the lungs from the
heart
Great Vessels of the Heart
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Chambers of the Heart
Left Atrium
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
Circulation in The Heart
Chambers of the Heart
 Right Atrium
 Receives deoxygenated blood from entire body
 Blood passes to right ventricle via tricuspid valve
 Right ventricle
 Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
 Left Atrium
 Receives oxygenated blood from lungs
 Blood passes to left ventricle via bicuspid valve
 Left Ventricle
 Pumps oxygenated blood to the body
Circulation in The Heart
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Coronary Circulation
 Definition: Blood vessels
that supply the heart
w/blood
 Coronary arteries are
the first arteries that
branch from the aorta
Cardiovascular Disease
Major Forms of Cardiovascular Disease
 Hypertension
 Atherosclerosis
 Coronary Artery (Heart) Disease
(heart attack, angina)
 Arrhythmias and Sudden
Cardiac Death
 Stroke
 Congestive Heart Failure
Hypertension
 Blood pressure is the
pressure exerted by blood
on walls of arteries
 High BP is dangerous
because it can damage the
walls of arteries leading to
inflammation and clot
formation.
Major Forms of Cardiovascular Disease
 Atherosclerosis –hardening of arteries due to
fatty deposit build-up on artery walls
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Coronary Artery Disease
 Coronary Artery Disease is when
a coronary artery becomes
blocked with plaque buildup
which can lead to heart attack
 A Heart Attack is the death of
the heart’s muscle tissue due to
a lack of blood flow
 Symptoms of Heart Attack
include: chest pain/pressure,
arm, neck, jaw pain, difficulty
breathing excessive sweating,
nausea & vomiting, loss of
consciousness.
 If an artery in a limb becomes
narrowed or blocked this results
in Peripheral arterial disease
(PAD)
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Angina
• Angina is pain/discomfort
that occurs when not
enough oxygenated
blood delivered to the
heart
• Usually felt during times
of increased stress
• Usually felt as an extreme
tightness in the chest,
heavy pressure behind
the breastbone or in the
shoulder, neck, arm,
hand, or back
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Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death
 An Arrhythmia is
when the electrical
conduction system of
the heart is disrupted.
As a result, the heart
beats irregularly, and
may not be able to
distribute blood to the
body
 Can be unnoticeable
or cause death
Stroke
 A Stroke occurs when cells of the brain die if
they are starved of oxygenated blood for more
than a few minutes.
 Types of Strokes
 Ischemic stroke – blockage in a blood vessel
 Thrombotic stroke - clot forms in a cerebral
artery
 Embolic stroke - blood clot travels from
elsewhere
 Hemorrhagic stroke – a blood vessel in the brain
ruptures
 Intracerebral hemorrhage
 Subarachnoid hemorrhage
 Aneurysm
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Types of stroke
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The Effects of a Stroke Can Include
 Paralysis (possible)
 Walking disability
 Speech impairment
 Memory loss
 Behavior changes
 The area of brain damage will determine which
part of the body is affected
Congestive Heart Failure
 Congestive Heart
Failure: when the blood
flow out of the heart is
reduced and fluid
begins to accumulate
in lungs and body
tissues.
 Pulmonary edema – If
the heart can’t
maintain regular
pumping rate; fluid
backs up and can
accumulate in the
lungs
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Other Forms of Heart Disease
 Congenital Heart Disease
 Defect/malformation of heart/blood vessels that
you are born with
 Ex. “A hole in the heart”
 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
 Enlarged heart
 Can cause arrhythmias
 Rheumatic Heart Disease
 Resulting from a sequence of untreated
streptococcal throat infections
 Up to 3% of untreated strep. Infections lead to
rheumatic fever
Detecting and Treating
Heart Disease
Detecting Stroke
 A quick way to recognize a stroke is to ask
the person to do three things:
 1. “Smile”. If her smile droops on one side,
or if she is unable to move or open one
side of her mouth…
 2. “Hold your arms out”. If the person
cannot move one arm or hold one arm
still…
 3. “Repeat a simple, short sentence”. If she
has trouble speaking…
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Treating Stroke
 For Ischemic Stroke
 Clot-dissolving drugs
 Angioplasty and stenting
 For Hemorrhagic Stroke
 Drugs to lower blood pressure
 Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
 Ministroke, days/weeks before a full blown stroke
 If a stroke is detected late
 Rehabilitation (physical therapy, occupational
therapy)
Tests Used to Detect Heart Disease
 Electrocardiogram (EKG)
 A record of the electrical activity in the heart
 EKG is examined while elevating HR (stress test)
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
 Use of a magnetic field to look inside the body
and generate pictures of the heart and blood
vessels
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Tests Used to Detect Heart Disease
 Angiogram
 Dye injected into coronary
arteries and heart/blood
vessels examined with an
X-ray
 Narrowed or blocked
arteries can be identified
Treating Heart Disease
 Balloon angioplasty
 Deflated balloon inserted
& passed through to
narrowed/blocked artery
 Balloon is inflated to
widen artery by flattening
plaque
 Artery kept open w/ a
stent
Treating Heart Disease
 Coronary Bypass Surgery
 A healthy blood vessel
is removed from an
area of the patients body
and used to bypass a
blocked artery
Protecting Yourself Against
Cardiovascular Disease
 Exercise regularly
 Eat heart healthy
 Avoid tobacco
 Know and manage your blood pressure
(monitored once every two years)
 Know and manage your cholesterol levels
 Develop effective ways to handle stress and
anger
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