Download The Protestant Reformation

The
Protestant
Reformation
Early 1500s to
Mid 1600s
Causes of Protestant Reformation
The Renaissance
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Humanism led people to question Church authority. They placed increasing
faith in human reason
Strong Monarchs
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Strong national monarch were emerging
Sometimes monarchs increased their own power by supporting reformers
against the church
Problems In The Church
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Many people questioned behavior of church leaders; Many leaders acting
more like kings fighting for power and wealth than representatives of God
Many people questioned the practice of indulgences and the charging of
fees for marriage, baptism among other services
Protestant Reformers
Martin Luther (German Monk)
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By 1500s Luther was one of many
Christians who wanted to reform the Church
Disgusted by the sale of indulgences,
Luther takes action in 1517
Luther posts his 95 Theses (arguments) on
the door of the Wittenberg Church
This is credited for sparking the Protestant
Reformation
This is the period when many Europeans
break away from the Catholic Church and
form new Christian churches
Martin Luther
Luther’s Beliefs:
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People can only reach heaven through faith
in God
Pope could not grant pardon for sins
Bible is the only source of religious truth
Effects:
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Luther is excommunicated and has bounty
on his life
Luther’s ideas spread throughout northern
Europe/Scandinavia
Printing Press aids in the spread of idea
Followers become known as Lutherans
John Calvin
• French Priest
• Influential Reformer
• Like Luther, believes Christians
could reach heaven only thru faith
in God
• Promoted idea of predestination
• Believed God had determined
before beginning of time who
would gain salvation
• Calvinists followed strict,
disciplined and frugal lives
• Calvinism spread to Germany,
France, Scotland, England
Counter Reformation
Reform Movement Takes
Place in Catholic Church
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Purpose is to strengthen Catholic
Church and to keep Catholics from
converting to Protestantism
Counter Reformation Movements
Council of Trent
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1545 Pope Paul III calls for reform movement
Met for 20 years
Focused on ending abuses in church
Establishes schools to assure that clergy is well educated
Ignatius Loyola and the Jesuits
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Ignatius Loyola, a priest, founds the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Religious order that emphasizes spiritual and moral discipline and strict
obedience to Catholic authority
Jesuits saw themselves as defenders of Catholic faith
Jesuits become advisors to Catholic rulers
Jesuit Missionaries spread Catholicism to Asia, Africa and Americas
Effects of Reformation
Religious and
Political Divisions
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Creates a loss of religious
unity in Western Europe
Political divisions result
Rulers choose a religion for
their nation
Some remain Catholic and
some convert to
Protestantism
Effects of Reformation
Religious
Conflicts
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100 years of war
sparked by religion
Religious Civil Wars
occur in Germany,
France, Spain and
England
Thirty Years’ War occurs
in the 1600s
Effects of Reformation
Anti-Semitism
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Reformation brings
persecution to several
groups; especially Jews
Restrictions placed on
Jews by both Protestants
and Catholics
Jews are forced to live in
separate neighborhoods
In some instances, Jews
are expelled from their
homes; others are
murdered
Effects of Reformation
Witch Hunts
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Religious fervor leads
people to accuse other
of being witches and
agents of the devil
Thousands of people,
especially women, are
put to death for this
reason
Short Term Causes
Long Term Causes
•Indulgences are sold in Germany
•Martin Luther writes 95 Theses
•Luther translates Bible into
German
•Printing Press helps spread ideas
•Reformers call for change
•Roman Catholic Church
becomes more worldly
•Humanists urge return to
simple religion
•Strong kings emerge and
resent power of church
The Protestant
Reformation
Long Term Effects
•Religious wars break out
in Europe for more than
100 years
•Catholic Reformation
takes place
•Inquisition becomes
stronger
•Many Jews forced into
Eastern Europe
Short Term Effects
•Peasants revolt
•Lutheran, Calvinists, Anglican, &
other Protestant churches are
formed
•Holy Roman emperor weakened
Eastern Orthodox
Church
Catholic Church
Protestant Church
Lutherans
Calvinist
Today, there are over 200 Protestant
denominations