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Chapter 54 Community Ecology -Community Interactions are classified by whether they are harmful, helpful, or have no effect -Dominant or Keystone species exert control over whole community -Disturbance influences species diversity and composition -Biogeographic factorsaffect community biodiversity How many interactions between species can you see in this picture? A community is the sum of all local overlapping/nonoverlapping niches -Includes interspecific interactions 1. Interspecific Competition (-/-) can lead to the competitive exclusion principle or one species will out compete another and can lead to character displacement Fundimental Niche – Niche a species could have Realized Niche – Portion of the Fundimental Niche a species lives in 2. Predation (+/-) 3. Herbivory (+/-) 4. Symbiosis ----- Parasitism (+/-), Mutualism (+/+), or Commensalism (+/=) Which community is more diverse? (Community 1) 1. Abundance 2. Richness Trophic Structure of a Community: Plays a large role in community dynamics 1. Food Chains 2. Food Webs Types of Species that can control an ecosystem 1. Dominant = Most Biomass in the ecosystem 2. Keystone = Organism that controls the diversity of a ecosystem by its unique niche (p. 1208) 3. Foundation = An organism that changes the physical nature of an ecosystem due to its unique niche (Beaver Dams) What organism controls the dynamics of an ecosystem? P = Predators V = Plants H = Herbivores N = Nutrients Top Down (Predator controlled ) P–H–V–N Bottom Up (Nutrient Controlled) N–V–H–P Disturbances that influence the physical nature of an ecosystem 1. Fire (Natural Process) 2. Storm 3. Drought 4. Flood 5. Human Disturbance Stage 1 Stage 4 Stages of Succession after a disturbance Stage 2 Stage 3 Biogeographic factors that influence an ecosystem. 1. Latitude – Tropical Areas are generally more diverse due to moderate temperatures and higher precipitation 2. Size of the environment – The bigger the environment the more species and diversity 3. Island Biogeography – Isolation, and the equilibrium model