Download Species A

TOPIC: Evolution
AIM: Explain the today’s theory of evolution.
Do Now: 1. Copy the topic and aim.
2. Complete # 6 on the back of your Natural
Selection reading notes
HW: “How did Mammoths Go Extinct”
article (This will be collected and graded.)
6. There are 2 types of worms: worms that EAT AT
NIGHT (nocturnal) and worms that EAT DURING THE
DAY (diurnal). Birds eat during the day and seem to be
eating only the diurnal worms while the nocturnal
worms are in their burrows. Each spring when the
worms reproduce, that have about 500 babies but only
100 of these ever become old enough become old enough
to reproduce.
• Favorable adaptation: Eating at night (not caught by
birds)
• Unfavorable adaptation: Eating during the day
• If speciation were to occur, which adaptation would
the species have?
Nocturnal worms
1. Identify the type of
rock fossils are
located in.
A
B
Sedimentary rock
C
D
E
F
2. Identify the layer with
the oldest fossils. F
3. Identify the layer with
the most complex
fossils. A
4. Identify the layer with
the youngest fossils. A
5. Identify the layer with
the least complex fossils.
F
1. What kind of evidence for evolution does this
represent?
Similarities in embryological development
2. What does this evidence suggest?
These species evolved from a common
ancestor.
Identify the part of the theory of Natural Selection
represented in the diagram below. Support your
answer.
• Speciation
• One species
of finch
evolved into
many
species of
finches.
What environmental factor caused the speciation
of finches?
• The source
of food on
each island.
Review:
1. Explain the theory of Natural Selection.
2. Explain what Darwin meant by the term
overproduction.
3. Explain what organisms compete for and what
the result of competition is.
4. Explain what Darwin says about variation.
5. Describe ‘Survival of the Fittest.’
6. Describe speciation.
Sources of •
•
genetic
variation in a •
species
•
Sexual Reproduction
Genetic engineering
Selective breeding
Mutations (changes in
DNA)
• Migration: moving into or out of an area
Rate of
Evolution
1. Gradualism:
• Evolution occurs SLOWLY &
CONTINUOUSLY through time
2. Punctuated Equilibrium
• Sudden changes in a species
after long period of no change
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjR6L38yReE
• Ex: Bacteria have evolved resistant
to certain antibiotic
Punctuated Equilibrium Today
• Penicillin has been in use
since 1943. It originally
came from the fungus
Penicillium.
• 1947: Species of bacteria that cause
pneumonia and other infections already had
developed resistance to the drug.
• By the 1990s, several disease-producing
bacteria had become resistant to penicillin
and many other antibiotics.
• When penicillin was used to kill bacteria,
those with the penicillin-resistant variation
survived, reproduced, and passed this trait
to their offspring.
• Over a period of time, this bacteria
population became penicillin-resistant.
GRADUALISM
PUNCTUATED
EQUILIBRIUM
• *BOTH THEORIES SEEMED
TO HAVE OCCURRED
DURING EARTH’S
HISTORY*
• Those that reproduce at
Which
organisms a very fast rate
have
–Ex: bacteria, insects
evolved
quickly?
Extinction
As long as species have been evolving,
species have been going extinct. It is
estimated that over 99.9% of all species that
ever lived are extinct. The average lifespan of most species is 10 million years,
although this varies widely between taxa.
There are a variety of causes that can
contribute directly or indirectly to the
extinction of a species or group of species.
Most simply, any species that cannot
survive or reproduce in its environment
and cannot move to a new environment
where it can do so, dies out and becomes
extinct. Extinction of a species may come
suddenly when an otherwise healthy species
is wiped out completely, as when toxic
pollution renders its entire habitat unlivable; or
may occur gradually over thousands or
millions of years, such as when a species
gradually loses out in competition for food to
better adapted competitors.
In the natural course of events, species
become extinct for a number of reasons,
including but not limited to:
• extinction of a necessary host, prey or
pollinator
• inter-species competition
• inability to deal with evolving diseases
• Sudden changing environmental
conditions
Recently, HUMANS have become an
additional cause of extinction for some
species, by being a mega-predator or by
transporting animals and plants from one
part of the world to another. (e.g., livestock
released by sailors onto islands as a source
of future food, rats escaping from boats). In
most cases, introducing these invasive alien
species, can affect native species directly by
eating them, competing with them, and
introducing pathogens or parasites that
sicken or kill them or, indirectly, by destroying
or degrading their habitat.
• Very little variation in a
What can species
cause
• Major environmental change
extinction?
• If adaptation no longer
favorable  all organisms
die  extinction
Let’s summarize…
1. Identify some sources of variation.
Sexual repro, genetic engineering, selective breeding,
mutations, migration
2. Identify the theory in which there is no
evolution for a long period of time followed by
brief periods of change.
Punctuated equilibrium
3. Identify TWO THINGS can cause a species
to become extinct?
• No variation within a species
• Major environmental change the species
cannot adapt to
Which population of organisms would be in
greatest danger of becoming
extinct?
(1) A population of organisms having few
variations living in a unchanging environment.
(2) A population of organisms having few
variations living in an changing environment.
(3) A population of organisms having many
variations living in a unchanging environment.
(4) A population of organisms having many
variations living in an changing environment.
Which statement could best be inferred from
the information in this diagram?
(1) Evolution does not involve gradual change.
(2) Evolutionary changes can result in
extinction.
(3) Evolution begins with plants.
(4) Evolution produces organisms that all fill
the same niche.
1. Identify the common
ancestor.
Species A
2. Identify species that
have become extinct.
Species C, D, H, L, O, P
3. Identify the species
that have not become
extinct.
Species J, K and M
Which statement about the rates of evolution for
different species is in agreement with the
theory of evolution?
(1) They are identical, since the species live on the
same planet.
(2) They are identical, since each species is at risk
of becoming extinct.
(3) They are different, since each species has
different adaptations that function within a
changing environment.
(4) They are different, since each species has
access to unlimited resources within its
environment.
Which concept is not a part of the
theory of evolution?
(1) Present-day species developed
from earlier species.
(2) Some species die out when
environmental changes occur.
(3) Complex organisms develop from
simple organisms over time.
(4) Change occurs according to the
needs of an individual organism to
survive.
Fossil records indicate that between 80 and
60 million years ago the structure of the
horned dinosaur underwent rapid
changes separated by long periods of
stability. This pattern of change best
illustrates the concept of
(1) use and disuse
(2) punctuated equilibrium
(3) gradualism
(4) enzyme specificity
A key concept in the modern theory of
evolution explains
(1) how new organs arise according to
the needs of an organism
(2) how variations occur within a
species
(3) the continued increase in the
human population
(4) the presence of asexual
reproduction within a species
Some scientists suggest that the
extinction of dinosaurs resulted from
sudden global weather changes
caused by the impact of an asteroid on
Earth. This event most likely promoted
the evolution of new species of
animals. These ideas best support the
concept of
(1)punctuated equilibrium
(2) use and disuse
(3) gradualism
(4) geographic isolation
The diversity within the wild bird species in
the diagram below can best be explained by
which process?
(1) natural selection
(3) ecological succession
(2) asexual reproduction (4) mitotic cell division
Which concept would be correctly placed in
box X?
(1) use and disuse
(2) variation
(3) transmission of acquired traits
(4) changes in nucleic acids
Which statement is not part of the
concept of natural selection?
(1) Individuals that possess the most
favorable variations will have the best
chance of reproducing.
(2) Variation occurs among individuals in a
population.
(3) More individuals are produced than will
survive.
(4) Genes of an individual change to adapt
to a changing environment
According to the theory of natural
selection, why are some individuals
more likely than others to survive and
reproduce?
(1)Some individuals pass on to their offspring
new characteristics they have acquired
during their lifetimes.
(2)Some individuals are better adapted to
exist in their environment than others are.
(3)Some individuals do not pass on to their
offspring new characteristics they have
acquired during their lifetimes.
(4)Some individuals tend to produce fewer
offspring than others in the same
environment.
Charles Darwin proposed that
organisms produce many more
offspring than can possible survive
on the limited amount of resources
available to them. According to
Darwin, the offspring that are most
likely to survive are those that
(1.) are born first and grow fastest
(2.) are largest and most aggressive
(3.) have no natural predators
(4.) are best adapted to the
environment
Darwin's studies of finches on the
Galapagos Islands suggest that the
finches' differences in beak structure were
most directly due to
(1.) acquired characteristics in the
parent finches
(2.) the size of the island where the
finches live
(3.) mating behaviors of the
different finch species
(4.) adaptations of the finches to
different environments
According to Charles Darwin, one
factor that affects the evolution
of a species is
(1.) variation due to genetic
mutations
(2.) rapid fossil formation
(3.) survival of the fittest
(4.) exposure to environmental
pollutants