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Proton decay studies in Liquid Argon TPC Dorota Stefan Epiphany Conference on Neutrinos and Dark Matter 5 - 8 January 2006, Cracow, Poland References • • • • • • L. E. Ibanez, CERN-TH.5237/88 Hitoshi Murayama and Aaron Pierce, Phys. Rev. D.65.055009(2002) Mario E. Gómez Yukawa coupling and proton decay in SUSY models K. Kobayashi, hep-ex/0502026 Y. Hayato, hep-ex/9904020 Kenneth S. Ganezer, the SuperKamiokande Collaboration, The Search for Proton Decay at SuperKamiokande • W.W.M. Allison, hep-ex/9803030 • D. Wall, hep-ex/9910026 • The ICARUS Collaboration, ICARUS TM 05-XX(2005) The outline of the presentation • Grand Unification Theory • Results from SuperKamiokande and Soudan 2 • Simulation studies of proton decay in LAr TPC The Grand Unification Idea • Three U(1)SU(2)SU(3) interactions into a single one • There are different candidates of the unification group such as SU(6) ... SU(N+1) or SO(10) ... SO(2N+4) • The most attractive groups are SO(10) and E6 SU(5) SO(10) E6 GUT SU(5) • unification scale ~ 1015 GeV • 24 gauge bosons • no place for more quarks or leptons SO(10) • extra particles E6 • plenty of possibilities for breaking the symmetry down to the standard model SUSY GUTs SUSY each SM particle has its super-partner • SM bosons super-fermions • SM fermions super-bosons Search for proton decay • Experiment SuperKamiokande with water Cherenkov detector -Minimal SU(5) was ruled out by SK predicted by SU(5): t/B ~ 1031+1 year -Minimal SU(5) SUSY: t/B(p nK+) 2.9 x 1030 Result from SK has been reached ~ 1033 Result from SK has been reached ~ 1032 • SUSY GUT models have been tested in SuperKamiokande and Soudan 2 experiments Search for pe+p0 in SuperKamiokande Signature for p e+p0 in the SK detector Limit from PDG July 2004 t (p e+p0) > 5.0 x 1033 years (79.3 ktyr exposure) Search for pK+n in SuperKamiokande K+ p+ p0 K+ m+ nm For a bound proton -prompt gamma-ray For a free proton -mono-energetic muon p K+ n Limits from PDG July 2004 t (p K+n) > 1.6 x 1033 years The newest result: t (p K+n) > 2.3 x 1033 years Search for pK+n in experiment Soudan 2 Simulated events K+ p+ p0 K+ p0 p+ K+ m+ nm K+ m+ (236MeV/c) e+ Proton decay in ICARUS detector Different channels for proton decay in LAr Channel Efficiency (%) p K+ n p K+ m-p+ p e+ p+ pp p+ n p m+ p0 96.75 97.55 18.60 41.85 44.80 Background (5 kTonxyear) 0.005 0.005 0.125 3.91 0.04 high efficiency low bakground relevant results in relatively short time t/B x 1030years (5 kTonxyear) 565 570 109 117 262 Needed PDG limit Exposure to reach PDG x1030 years (kTon x year) 2300 245 82 25 473 20.36 2.15 3.78 0.52 9.04 Analysis of the particle which stops in LAr Kaon Energy Loss of the detected particle from the last wire to the last minus last wire Pion Particle Identification by using Neural Network Signal and background distribution The geometry of the Neural Network used for particle recognition: Kaon Pion 9:3:3 Purity - Efficiency for kaon and pion Kaon - Electronics noise is not taken into account - particles are very well recognized by the neural network with very high efficiency and purity Pion purity = 100% Nsig (OutputSet)/ ( Nbkg(OutputSet) + Nsig(OutputSet) ) efficiency = 100% Nsig (OutputSet) / Nsig(InputSet) Summary • Variety of GUT models to be tested experimentally proton decay essential in model verification – • SuperKamiokande has given impressive limits and excluded minimal SU(5) • Sufficiently large Liquid Argon detector ideal for background-free studies of the p K n decay ...if SUSY GUTs are correct, nucleon decay must be seen soon PDG