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Verbs are tense
Locating ideas in time
Six verb tenses
Tenses
Examples
Present
Past
Future
Present perfect
Past perfect
Future perfect
I go.
I went.
I will go.
I have gone.
I had gone.
I will have gone.
Four principal parts of the verb
The infinitive
The present
participle
The past
The past participle
To do (do), to go
(go), to think
(think), to dream
(dream)
Doing, going,
thinking, dreaming
Did, went, though,
dreamed
Done, gone,
thought, dreamed
Auxiliary or helping verbs
Helping verbs combine with main verbs to
express tense, mood, voice, or condition. In a
simple tense the verb stands alone, as a single
word: John chortled. In a compound tense the
principal part is supplemented by an auxiliary or
helping verb to construct the tense: John has
chortled, or John will have chortled.
Types of helping verbs
• There are three types of helping verbs:
primary, modal, and marginal.
Verbs, like pronouns, have person and
number
Present tense
Singular
Plural
First person
Second person
I protest
You protest
We protest
You protest
Third person
He, she, it protests
They protest
Perfect tenses have finished.
• The three perfect tenses are “have” tenses;
they all make use of the verb to have as a
helping verb.
• The perfect tenses are tenses of things that
are finished- either finished in the past,
present, or future
Present perfect
Past perfect
Future perfect
I have returned
By then I had
returned
By tomorrow, I will
have returned.
Have, not of
• Sometimes we use contractions like should’ve
instead of should have. This has lead to the
mistaken idea that we are saying should of,
but it is should have.
• As a matter of style, we do not use
contractions in academic writing.
Progressive forms are in progress.
• Each of the six tenses also has a progressive
form or aspect, an –ing variation using the
present participle- the -ing form of a verbindicating action still in progress. The
progressive form is made with the present
participle and one or more auxiliary verbs.
pr
First person singular examples of
progressive form:
Present progressive
Past progressive
Future progressive
Present perfect
progressive
Past perfect
progressive
I am protesting.
I was protesting.
I shall be protesting.
I have been protesting.
Future perfect
progressive
I shall have been
protesting.
I had been protesting.