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Chapter 24 Section 3: Japan Builds an Empire • U.S. forced Japan to open its market to foreigners in 1853 • Pushed Japan to strengthen its military & modernize its economy to defend itself –Developed a constitutional government • Japan expanded its sphere of influence in East Asia after wars with China & Russia –Took control of Korea & influence over Manchuria –By WWI, it developed into one of the strongest nations in the world Growing Military Power • During WWI, Japan joined the Allies –Conquered several German possessions in the Pacific & access to markets abandoned by the Europeans (economy prospered) • Signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact that condemned war & pledged to peacefully settle disagreements Democracy in Crisis • 1920’s- recession/ 1930’s depression • Depended on exporting goods • Decline led to layoffs, strikes, & political discontent • Blamed the multi-party system because it took too long dealing with economic problems • Some politicians enriched themselves by taking bribes from family owned companies The Rise of Nationalism • Several radical groups formed in response to the government perceived weaknesses –Demanded a return to traditional ways, end multiparty rule, powerful business, & other western style institutions • Assassinated several politicians hoping the military would take over the government The Manchurian Incident • Japan was experiencing a population boom, so in order to feed everyone they looked towards Manchuria for raw materials, coal, & iron ore • Sept 1931- Japanese army in Manchuria took matters into their own hands • Claimed that Chinese soldiers had tried to blow up railway lines, they captured several cities in southern Manchuria –Chinese troops withdrew from the area –Feb 1932- Japanese troops seized all of Manchuria • Japan announced that Manchuria was now the independent state of Manchukuo under their protection –Puppet state with P’U-I as head of state –US & GB protested that Japan broke the Kellogg-Briand Pact, but they did not stop the Japanese aggression • League of Nations ordered Japan to withdraw, Japan refused & withdrew from the League • 1932 Naval officers helped assassinate the Prime Minster –Ended the multiparty government • 1936- uprising by junior officers resulted in the murder of high government officials –Uprising failed but gave military more power • Japan’s military leaders never seized control of the government, but had a lot of influence in foreign policy War Against China • July 1937-resumed its invasion of China • End of July forces occupied Beijing & Tiajin • Chinese nationalist army led by Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi) resisted the invasions • Japan’s superior weapons overcame China’s manpower advantage • US & others condemned Japan’s actions –Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts that prevented the US from becoming involved in foreign conflicts • Soviet Union backed China with arms, military advisors, & warplanes • GB sent supplies over the Burma Road • War brought two enemies together –Chiang Kai-Shek & Chinese Communists leader Mao Zedong –By 1939 war reached a stalemate Looking Beyond China • 1940 Japan’s Prime Minister announced a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere extending from Manchuria to the Dutch East Indies • It also would liberate Asia from European colonies • Japan needed the natural resources to carry on the war against China • Sept.1940- Japan allied itself with Germany & Italy through the Tripartite Pact • April 1941- Japan signed a neutrality pact with the Soviet Union