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CH 22 Upper Respiratory Anatomy
James F. Thompson, Ph.D.
Complex Pathway For Respiration
• Specialized
structures for:
– conduction
– gas exchange
– position along the
respiratory pathway
determines the cell
type lining the airway
• Two anatomical and
clinical subdivisions
– upper respiratory
tract
– lower respiratory
tract
The Shape of the Nose Evolves in
Response to the Environment
The Nose and
Nasal Cavity
• Anatomy
–
–
–
–
external nares
vestibule
nasal cavity and septum
nasal conchae and
meatuses
– paranasal sinuses
• Physiology
– hairs filter air
– mucosa warms and
humidifies air
– mucus traps air particles
– olfactory epithelium
detect smell stimuli
– entire structure serves as
resonating chamber for
speech sounds
The Pharynx
• Anatomy
– nasopharynx
– oropharynx
– laryngopharynx
• Physiology
– the common
passage way for
air and food
– guarded by tonsils
– not an intelligent
design!
naso
oro
laryngo
The Larynx
• Thyroid cartilage
• Cricoid cartilage
• Epiglottis (“valve”)
• 3 smaller pairs of cartilage
• Cuneiform
• Corniculate
• Arytenoid
The Larynx
Voice Production
• Vestibular folds (false
vocal cords)
• Vocal folds (true vocal
cords)
– during exhalation laryngeal
muscles pull the folds across
the opening and tense the
folds
– exhaled air induces
vibrations which create
sound waves
– volume
– pitch
The Trachea
• Anatomy
– mucosa, submucosa, hyaline
cartilage, adventitia
– conduction portion of the airway
has ciliated pseudostratified
columnar epithelium w/ goblet
cells
– cartilage “C” shaped rings
• allow for support, expansion,
protection
• trachealis muscle on
esophageal (dorsal) side
• Physiology
– airway has same cleaning
defenses as nasal cavity, but
also the mucociliary elevator
– we cough to clear the airway
The Bronchi
• Carina
– Sensitive area
– Cough reflex
• Bronchi - R & L
primary bronchi
– R shorter, wider
more vertical
• Entering lungs - primary bronchus  secondary
bronchi  tertiary bronchi  bronchioles  terminal
bronchioles
The Respiratory Tree
Extends Into The Lungs
• Structural changes
– Epithelium
– Cartilage
– Smooth muscle
• Parasympathetic
(ANS), allergic
response bronchoconstriction
• Sympathetic (ANS)
response bronchodilation
• histamine release
• allergy/asthma
End CH 22: Upper
Respiratory Anatomy